@article {867,
	title = {Species richness of Costa Rican Cenocoeliini (Hymenoptera: Braconidae): a latitudinal and altitudinal search for anomalous diversity},
	journal = {Journal of Hymenoptera Research},
	volume = {7},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {15-24},
	abstract = {Latitudinal patterns of species diversity of New World Braconidae have been scarcely surveyed to date. Such patterns may be of biogeographical and ecological interest because some literature data suggest that some braconid subfamilies do not show an increase in species diversity towards the equator despite an increase of potential host species (i.e., "anomalous diversity"). In the present study, species diversity of a "presumptive" anomalous diverse braconid taxa, Cenocoeliini, was surveyed in Costa Rica. The results were compared with published distribution data of North American Cenocoeliini. Also, species richness and abundance of Cenocoeliini from sealevel to 3400 m altitude in Costa Rica were analyzed to compare latitudinal and altitudinal gradients in species diversity. Costa Rican Cenocoeliini were five times more speciose than those in Canada and USA combined. The increase in estimated species richness per unit area towards the equator of North American Cenocoeliini was similar to that of their most common hosts, Cerambycidae and Scolytidae, but exceeded that of the potential hosts in Costa Rica. Diversification in Costa Rican Cenocoeliini was partly influenced by adaptation to different host families and host substrates. Most species and individuals of Cenocoeliini were found at low altitudes (<500 m) in Costa Rica. Cenocoeliini were not encountered above 1600 m in Costa Rica, this being in contrast to their most likely hosts, Cerambycidae and Scolytidae, which also occurred at high altitudes. Larger-sized Costa Rican Cenocoeliini were often brightly colored suggesting an aposematic function towards visually-oriented predators. New World Cenocoeliini appeared to be tropical lowland-centered and this is expected to be rather an effect of temperature requirements than an effect of host-limitation. },
	keywords = {Braconidae, cenocoeliinae, cenocoeliini, cenocoelius, Cerambycidae, Chrysomelidae, Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae, Scolytidae},
	url = {http://biostor.org/reference/501},
	author = {van der Ent, L.J. and Shaw, S.R.}
}
@article {702,
	title = {Nota sobre Xorides Latreille (Ichneumonidae, Hymenoptera) no Brasil 1},
	journal = {Revista Brasiliera de Zoologia},
	volume = {12},
	year = {1995},
	pages = {31-35},
	abstract = {The Xoridinae with four genera are nearly cosmopolitan and Xorides are mainly Holartic in distribution. This genus has in South America three subgenera with four species, X. (Xorides) xanthisma Porter, 1975, X. (Pyramirhyssa) magnificus (Mocs{\'a}ry. 1905), X. (Periceros) plumicornis (Smith, 1877) and X. (Periceros) euthrix Porter, 1975. The males of X. magnificus and X. xanthisma are described. Xorides euthrix and X. xanthisma are for the first time registered from Brazil. Comments are made on the morphology and distribution is registered for the eastern Brazil. Alphus sp. Cerambycidae, is the host of X. euthrix.},
	keywords = {Brasil, distribution, Ichneumonidae, morphology, Xorides},
	url = {http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?pid=S0101-81751995000100006\&script=sci_arttext},
	author = {Graf, V.}
}
@article {507,
	title = {Oviposition behaviour of four ant parasitoids (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Euphorinae, Neoneurini and Ichneumonidae, Hybrizontinae), with the description of three new European species},
	journal = {ZooKeys},
	volume = {125},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {59-106},
	abstract = {Te oviposition behaviour of four ant parasitoids was observed and filmed for the first time. Te movies are available from YouTube (search for Elasmosoma, Hybrizon, Kollasmosoma and Neoneurus). Two of the observed species (Neoneurus vesculus sp. n. and Kollasmosoma sentum sp. n.) are new to science. A third species (Neoneurus recticalcar sp. n.) is described from Slovakia and Norway. Keys to the Palaearctic species of the genera Neoneurus and Kollasmosoma are added},
	keywords = {behaviour, biology, Braconidae, cataglyphis, elasmosoma, Euphorinae, Europe, formica, formicidae, hybrizon, hybrizon-, Ichneumonidae, key, kollamosoma, lasius, neoneurini, neoneurus, new species, norway, slovakia, Spain, tinae},
	author = {Achterberg, C. van and Dur{\'a}n, Jos{\'e} Mar{\'\i}a}
}
@article {451,
	title = {DNA barcode accumulation curves for understudied taxa and areas.},
	journal = {Molecular ecology resources},
	volume = {9 Suppl s1},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {208-16},
	abstract = {Frequently, the diversity of umbrella taxa is invoked to predict patterns of other, less well-known, life. However, the utility of this strategy has been questioned. We tested whether a phylogenetic diversity (PD) analysis of CO1 DNA barcodes could act as a proxy for standard methods of determining sampling efficiency within and between sites, namely that an accumulation curve of barcode diversity would be similar to curves generated using morphology or nuclear genetic markers. Using taxa at the forefront of the taxonomic impediment - parasitoid wasps (Ichneumonidae, Braconidae, Cynipidae and Diapriidae), contrasted with a taxon expected to be of low diversity (Formicidae) from an area where total diversity is expected to be low (Churchill, Manitoba), we found that barcode accumulation curves based on PD were significantly different in both slope and scale from curves generated using names based on morphological data, while curves generated using nuclear genetic data were only different in scale. We conclude that these differences clearly identify the taxonomic impediment within the strictly morphological alpha-taxonomy of these hyperdiverse insects. The absence of an asymptote within the barcode PD trend of parasitoid wasps reflects the as yet incomplete sampling of the site (and more accurately its total diversity), while the morphological analysis asymptote represents a collision with the taxonomic impediment rather than complete sampling. We conclude that a PD analysis of standardized DNA barcodes can be a transparent and reproducible triage tool for the management and conservation of species and spaces.},
	keywords = {2009, accepted 27 january 2009, Braconidae, churchill, co1, cynipidae, cytochrome c oxidase 1, diapriidae, formicidae, Ichneumonidae, manitoba, phylogenetic diversity, received 22 october 2008, revision received 16 january, species abundance curve, triage},
	author = {Smith, M Alex and Fernandez-Triana, J.L. and Roughley, Rob and Hebert, Paul D N}
}
@article {428,
	title = {High local species richness of parasitic wasps (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae; Pimplinae and Rhyssinae) from the lowland rainforests of Peruvian Amazonia},
	journal = {Ecological Entomology},
	volume = {29},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {735-743},
	abstract = {1. The parasitic wasp family Ichneumonidae (Hymenoptera) is of great interest because it has been claimed that its species richness does not increase with decreasing latitude. 2. No extensive studies of the family have been conducted in South American localities. 3. Arthropods were sampled using 27 Malaise traps in the Allpahuayo{\textendash}Mishana National Reserve (56 000 ha) in the north-eastern Peruvian Amazonian lowland rainforest. The total duration of the sampling programme was 185 Malaise trap months. 4. Altogether, 88 species were collected. This is one of the highest local pimpline and rhyssine species numbers ever recorded. A comparison with results from Mesoamerica revealed that at equal numbers of individuals sampled, the number of Pimplinae and Rhyssinae species in Peruvian Amazonia is at least twofold compared with lowland locations in Mesoamerica and somewhat higher than in the most species-rich Costa Rican higher altitude localities. 5. Non-parametric methods of estimating species richness were applied. These suggest that additional sampling would yield a considerable number of new Pimplinae and/or Rhyssinae species},
	keywords = {Amazonia, anomalous latitudinal diversity gradient, Ichneumonidae, local species richness, lowland rainforest, non-parametric species richness},
	author = {S{\"a}{\"a}ksj{\"a}rvi, I.E. and Haataja, Samuli and Neuvonen, Seppo and Gauld, I.D. and Jussila, Reijo and Salo, Jukka and Burgos, Andres Marmol}
}
@article {404,
	title = {Lamnatibia, a new genus of the Polysphincta group of genera from Colombia (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae; Pimplinae)},
	journal = {Zootaxa},
	volume = {1431},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {55-63},
	abstract = {A new genus and species of the Polysphincta group of genera (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae; Pimplinae), Lamnatibia andina Palacio \& S{\"a}{\"a}ksj{\"a}rvi, is described from the cloudforests of the Colombian Andes. The new genus can be easily separated from other genera of the Polysphincta group by the specialized shape of the fore and middle femora, the pres- ence of a thin, longitudinal ridge in the inner face of the fore and middle tibiae, and the combined absence of occipital and epicnemial carinae. The new genus{\textquoteright}s potential affinities with other genera of the Polysphincta group and its distribu- tion are discussed.},
	keywords = {Colombia, Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae, Lamnatibia, neotropics, new genus, new species, phy- logeny, pimplinae, south america, taxonomy},
	isbn = {1010021001},
	author = {Palacio, E. and S{\"a}{\"a}ksj{\"a}rvi, I.E. and Vahtera, V.}
}
@article {348,
	title = {Four new species of Lymeon F{\"o}rster and Latosculum Townes (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae, Cryptinae) from Honduras and Mexico},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Russian Entomological Society. St. Petersburg},
	volume = {75},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {27-34},
	abstract = {Two new species of Lymeon F{\"o}rster and two new species of Latosculum Townes (Cryptinae: Cryptini, Lymeonina) are described and illustrated: Lymeon tobiasi sp. n. and L. yanegai sp. n. from Hon- duras, Latosculum ruizi sp. n. and L. townesi sp. n. from Mexico. A key for identification of the species of Latosculum is given.},
	keywords = {honduras, Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae, latosculum, lymeon, new species, taxonomy},
	author = {Kasparyan, D.R.}
}
@article {349,
	title = {A new genus of the tribe Cryptini (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae, Cryptinae) from Mexico},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Russian Entomological Society. St. Petersburg},
	volume = {75},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {35-38},
	abstract = {A new genus and species of ichneumon-flies of the subfamily Cryptinae, Cadarca tobiasi gen. et sp. n., from Mexico (Tamaulipas) is described and illustrated. The taxonomic position of the new genus in the subtribe Mesostenina is discussed.},
	keywords = {cryptinae, Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae, Mexico, new genus, new species},
	author = {Kasparyan, D.R. and Cancino, E.R.}
}
@article {350,
	title = {Review of Mexican species of the genus Polycyrtus Spinola , 1840 (Hymenoptera : Ichneumonidae : Cryptini), with key to the species of North America},
	journal = {Russian Entomological Journal},
	volume = {12},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {311-327},
	abstract = {Key to 42 North American species of the neotropical genus Polycyrtus is given. Seven new species from Mexico are described: P. burgosi sp.n., P. clavator sp.n., P. comma sp.n., P. crespoi sp.n., P. curtispina sp.n., P. soniae sp.n., P. yucatan sp.n. 23 species are recorded for Mexico; new data on their distribution are given. New synonymies are established: Polycyrtus major (Cresson, 1873) = Polycyrtus championi Cameron, 1885, = Polycyrtus fulvofemoratus Cameron, 1885, Polycyrtus montezuma Cameron, 1885, = Polycyrtus canaliculatus Cameron, 1885, =Polycyrtus blanditus Cameron, 1885, syn.n.},
	keywords = {Ichneumonidae, key, Mexico, new species, North America, Polycyrtus},
	author = {Kasparyan, D.R. and Ruiz-Cancino, E.}
}
@article {352,
	title = {Mexican species of Labena Cresson (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae) with description of a new species},
	journal = {ZooKeys},
	volume = {5},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {65-74},
	abstract = {Nine species of the genus Labena Cresson are recorded from M{\'e}xico. One species, Labena acerba sp. n., is described as new. Two species, L. eremica Gauld and L. marginata Sz{\'e}pl., are recorded from M{\'e}xico for the fi rst time. New data on distribution of Labena in M{\'e}xico are provided. A key to Mexican species of Labena is given.},
	keywords = {Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae, labena, labeninae, Mexico, new species, taxonomy},
	author = {Khalaim, Andrey I. and Ruiz-Cancino, Enrique}
}
@article {323,
	title = {Two new species of Xanthopimpla (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) from Western Amazonia, with a revised key to the Neotropical species of the genus},
	journal = {ZooKeys},
	volume = {14},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {55-65},
	abstract = {Xanthopimpla Saussure, 1892 is one of the largest genera of the family Ichneumonidae. T e genus is very species rich in Indo-Australia but poorly represented in the Neotropical region. In this paper two morpho- logically very distinctive species of the genus, X. amazonica sp. n. G{\'o}mez, S{\"a}{\"a}ksj{\"a}rvi \& Veijalainen, and X. jussilai sp. n. Veijalainen, S{\"a}{\"a}ksj{\"a}rvi \& Broad, are described and illustrated. T e new species have been collected in the Peruvian and Ecuadorean Amazonia. A revised key to the Neotropical species of the genus is provided. Xanthopimpla aurita Krieger is recorded for the fi rst time from Peru.},
	keywords = {Amazonia, Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae, new species, pimplinae, taxonomy, Xanthopimpla},
	author = {G{\'o}mez, Isrrael Carlos and S{\"a}{\"a}ksj{\"a}rvi, I.E. and Veijalainen, Anu and Broad, G.R.}
}
@article {324,
	title = {A Study on Four Methods of Sampling Ichneumonidae and Braconidae at Two Different Habitats of Fraser{\textquoteright}s Hill, Malaysia},
	journal = {Pakistan Journal of},
	volume = {4},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {1515-1517},
	abstract = {A study on four methods of sampling Ichneumonidae and Braconidae at two different habitats of Fraser{\textquoteright}s Hill was conducted from 12 {\textendash} 15 November 2000. The sampling methods tested were malaise trap (MT), yellow pan trap (YPT), flight intercept trap (FIT) and sweeping net (SWN). YPT collected the most ichneumonids while FIT collected similar numbers of ichneumonids and braconids. MT seemed to collect less ichneumonids individuals as compared with other two methods, but had high H{\textquoteright} for ichneumonid morphospecies, indicating that MT is relatively a better method for estimating diversity over the other methods. None of the tested sampling methods has better edge over the others in collecting ichneumonids and braconids irrespective of habitat types. As such, the use of all suitable sampling methods for certain habitats per unit time are still the best suggestion in order to get enough collection and better diversity of estimation especially for ichneumonids.},
	keywords = {abundance, Braconidae, diversity, Ichneumonidae, Sampling method},
	author = {Gonzaga, AD and Zaidi, MI and Azman, S and Salmah, Y}
}
@article {312,
	title = {Evolutionary patterns of host utilization by ichneurnonoid parasitoids ( Hymenoptera : Ichneurnonidae and Braconidae )},
	journal = {Biological Journal of the Linnean Society},
	volume = {35},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {351-377},
	abstract = {{\textquoteleft}The four major biological strategies of ichneumonoid parasitoids, koinobiont and idiohiont, ecto-and endoparasitism, are discussed and the evolutionary radiations of the two families Ichneumonidae and Braconidae compared in an attempt to relate differences in patterns of host utilization to differences in evolutionary history. The most primitive members of both families are idiobiont ectoparasitoids of hosts concealed in plant tissue. Idiobiont ectoparasitic braconids are all still primarily associated with such hosts, hut idiobiont ectoparasitic ichneumonids have radiated to attack hosts in other situations, such as in aculeate nests or in cocoons. A shift in emphasis between the behavioural steps, host habitat location and host location, is envisaged as being important in such evolutionary change. Idiohiont endoparasitism is postulated as having arisen amongst ectoparasitoids attacking cocooned hosts, as an adaptation that allows them to exploit pupae and puparia in relatively exposed positions; it is a fairly common strategy in the Ichneumonidae, but virtually unknown in the Braconidae. Koinobiosis is perceived as having evolved in association with hosts which feed in a relatively weakly concealed position, hut pupate in a more secluded and safe location. The strategy is advantageous as it allows a parasitoid to oviposit on an easily discoverable host, but to use the host{\textquoteright}s pupation concealment to complete its own development. The evolution of koinobiosis has allowed parasitoids to exploit hosts that feed in exposed positions, and to attack hosts at a younger and numerically more common stage in the host{\textquoteright}s life cycle. Koinohiont ectoparasitism is envisaged, in some braconid and ichneumonid groups, to occupy an evolutionary transitional position between idiobiosis and endoparasitic koinohiosis; only in the Ichneumonidae have large radiations of koinohiont ectoparasitoids occurred. Endoparasitic koinobiosis is hypothesized as having arisen in the Braconidae in association with lepidopterous/coleopterous hosts, whilst in the major lineage of endoparasitic koinobiont ichneumonids, this habit is hypothesized as having arisen in association with symphytan hosts. The great majority of braconids are koinobiont endoparasitoids, but only about 50\% of the Ichneumonidae have this habit. Very few koinohiont braconids develop as endoparasitoids of hymenopterous hosts, although many endoparasitic ichneumonids attack Hymenoptera. However, lineages of the Braconidae have radiated to exploit adult insects and exoptrrygote nymphs; ichneumonids do not utilize such hosts.},
	keywords = {Braconidae, evolution, host utilization, Ichneumonidae, idiobiont, koinobiont, parasitoid},
	author = {Gauld, I.D.}
}
@article {180,
	title = {The species of the Neotropical genus Fractipons Townes, 1970 (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae, Cryptinae).},
	journal = {ZooKeys},
	volume = {72},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {55-72},
	abstract = {In this paper, two new species of the Neotropical genus Fractipons Townes, 1970 (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae) are described. A new diagnosis for the genus, a re-description of Fractipons cincticornis Townes, 1970 and a key to known species are provided. New distribution records for the genus now include Argentina, Costa Rica, Panama and Peru.},
	keywords = {cryptinae, fractipons, Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae, key, new species, taxonomy},
	author = {Bordera, Santiago and Gonz{\'a}lez-Moreno, Alejandra}
}
@article {142,
	title = {A simple solution for accurate measuring of long and contorted ovipositors in pinned specimens of Hymenoptera},
	journal = {Zootaxa},
	volume = {1093},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {35 - 43},
	abstract = {Practical problems exist when measuring long ovipositors that are strongly curved or twisted. A simple, effective and practically costless method is proposed to straighten curved ovipositors of pinned, dry specimens of Hymenoptera. The method holds the ovipositor, but not its sheaths, with a piece of adhesive tape fixed to a pin. A separate pin is then used as a lever to move the pin with the tape, pull and straighten the ovipositor, and hold the entire contraption in position. The method is tested with species of Stephanidae, Ichneumonidae and Gasteruptiidae, and defended as the best choice in relation to conventional as well as other unpublished possibilities, all summarized.},
	keywords = {gasteruptiidae, Ichneumonidae, measurement, parasitoid, ratio, straightening},
	author = {Aguiar, A.P.}
}
@article {129,
	title = {Cuniculobracon verdui gen nov. \& spec. nov. and a new species of Polemochartus Schulz (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) from Spain, with a note on Eremita Kasparyan (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae)},
	journal = {Zoologische Mededelingen},
	volume = {75},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {137-146},
	abstract = {Cuniculobracon gen. nov. (type species: C. verdui spec. nov.) from Spain (Braconidae: Helconinae) and Polemochartus ibericus spec. nov. from Spain (Braconidae: Alysiinae) are described and illustrated. A key to the West Palaearctic species of Polemochartus Schulz is added. Eremita perepetshaenkoi Kas- paryan, 1995 (Ichneumonidae: Neorhacodinae) is reported from Central Spain},
	keywords = {Alysiinae, Brachistini, Braconidae, Cuniculobracon, Eremita, Helconinae, Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae, new genus, new species, palaearctic, Polemochartus, Spain},
	author = {Achterberg, C. van and Falc{\'o}, J.V.}
}
