@article {513,
	title = {The history of Hymenopteran parasitoid research in Germany},
	journal = {Biological Control},
	volume = {32},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {25-33},
	publisher = {万方数据资源系统},
	abstract = {For many centuries, the detection of the true nature of Hymenopteran parasitism was greatly hindered by the prevalence of the ideas of Aristoteles, in particular his assumption of a Generatio Spontaneum. It was Conrad Gessner (1516{\textendash}1565), the forerunner of modern zoology, who emancipated natural sciences from a medieval deadlock and opened up new aspects of viewing natural objects through his own observations. He greatly inXuenced the German Xower painter Maria Sybilla Merian (1647{\textendash}1717), who started to rear the insects she was painting herself to be able to observe them under natural conditions. When she exactly recognised the signiW- cance of the parasitoid is diYcult to assess, but in the preface of the 1717 version of her {\textquotedblleft}caterpillar{\textquotedblright} book she made clear that she knew the whole cycle of parasitoid development. So the Wrst publication by a German, Merian, with a correct interpretation dates from 1717, although she might have discovered the phenomenon already 30 years earlier. Merian{\textquoteright}s studies may have inspired Johann Leonhard Frisch (1666{\textendash}1743) and August Johann Roesel von Rosenhof (1705{\textendash}1759) to study insects in detail. Roesel von Rosenhof accurately described several behavioural aspects related to the life history of parasitoids. The Wrst taxonomists working speciWcally on Hymenopteran parasitoids in Germany were Johann Ludwig Christian Gravenhorst (1777{\textendash}1857) and Christian Godfried Nees von Esenbeck (1776{\textendash}1856). The forestry entomologist Julius Theodor Christian Ratzeburg (1801{\textendash}1871) was the Wrst to describe the ecological relationships of parasitoids in detail. He inXuenced many other entomologists in the 19th century and founded the long tradition of Hymenopteran parasitoid research in Germany},
	keywords = {forest entomology, Germany, history of insect parasitism, Hymenoptera, parasitoids, taxonomy},
	author = {Vidal, S.}
}
@article {221,
	title = {R{\'e}aumur ( 1683 {\textendash} 1757 ): the discoverer of parasitoids in France},
	journal = {Biological Control},
	volume = {32},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {40-48},
	abstract = {Early French discoveries of insect parasitoids and various aspects of their life cycle are discussed in this paper. Parasitism in insects Wrst attracted the attention of French scientists in the 18th century, despite indiVerence of the famous encyclopedists of {\textquotedblleft}the Age of Enlightenment{\textquotedblright} to this group of animals. Fortunately, a distinguished scientist of many talents, R.A. Ferchault de R{\'e}aumur (1683{\textendash}1757), was interested in the study of insects. His work on insects, {\textquotedblleft}M{\'e}moires pour servir {\`a} l{\textquoteright}histoire des insectes{\textquotedblright} published in six volumes, remains his most well known opus. He was the Wrst person in France to describe an entomophagous insect (probably a Cotesia species) as well as several aspects of the biological characteristics of parasitoid life in 1736. Together with Latreille (1762{\textendash} 1833), he may be considered one of the founding fathers of entomology in France},
	keywords = {biological control, cotesia glomerata, france, history of insect parasitism, Hymenoptera, insect behaviour, parasitoids},
	author = {Carton, Yves}
}
