@article {1476, title = {Systematics and evolution of the parasitoid wasp genera of the tribe Holcobraconini (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Doryctinae)}, journal = {Organisms Diversity \& Evolution}, year = {2019}, month = {06/2019}, abstract = {

The tribe Holcobraconini (Braconidae: Doryctinae) is a group of parasitoid wasps mainly found in the tropical and subtropical regions of the world. It contains seven genera (Holcobracon Cameron, Ivondrovia Shenefelt \& Marsh, Liodoryctes Sz\épligeti, Monarea Sz\épligeti, Nervellius Roman, Odontobracon Cameron and Zombrus Marshall), most of which are characterized by having the m-cu vein of the hind wing long and strongly curved towards the apex of wing. Some studies, however, found that three doryctine genera that lack the above feature (Binarea Brull\é, Liobracon Sz\épligeti and Odontodoryctes Granger) might be closely related to holcobraconines. Here, we reconstructed the phylogenetic relationships among species of six holcobraconine genera and the three putative closely related genera using four gene markers and estimated the times of origin and diversification within the tribe. The holcobraconine genera were intermingled in a clade with the above three genera. Liobracon and Zombrus were not recovered as monophyletic. Acanthodoryctes Turner, Antidoryctes Belokobylskij \& Quicke and Priosphys Enderlein were also included within the Holcobraconini based on morphology. Based on molecular evidence and on morphological examination of the genera involved, Holcobraconini is proposed to comprise 13 genera for which we include morphological diagnoses. The origin of the tribe probably occurred during the late Palaeocene to mid Eocene, 44.43 to 58.15 Mya. At least two main dispersal events from the Ethiopian to the other biogeographic regions could have led to the current geographic distribution of the Holcobraconini associated with the global increase of temperature during the Late Palaeocene to Middle Eocene.

}, keywords = {ichneumonoidea, Insecta, phylogeny, Relaxed molecular clock, taxonomy}, issn = {1618-1077}, doi = {10.1007/s13127-019-00407-1}, author = {Casta{\~n}eda-Osorio, R. and Belokobylskij, S.A. and Braet, Y. and Zaldivar-River{\'o}n, A.} } @article {1473, title = {Taxonomic revision of the Neotropical species of the braconid wasp genus Pedinotus Sz{\'e}pligeti, 1902 (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Doryctinae)}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {4327}, year = {2017}, pages = {1-102}, abstract = {

La revue Zootaxa vient de publier une r\évision du genre Pedinotus pour la r\égion N\éotropicale. Sur les 24 nouvelles esp\èces d\écrites, 16 sont pr\ésentes de Guyane fran\çaise.

Le r\ésum\é original est:
\"A revision of the Neotropical species of the braconid wasp genus Pedinotus Sz\épligeti and molecular characterization of some species based on the COI mitochondrial DNA gene are provided. Twenty four new species are described: P. avispas\ sp. nov., P. bororo sp. nov., P. botocudo sp. nov., P. brunniventris sp. nov., P. cerdai sp. nov., P. daedalus sp. nov., P. dispar sp. nov., P. dominica sp. nov., P. elongatus sp. nov., P. glabroscutum sp. nov., P. guyanensis sp. nov., P. haliti sp. nov., P. intermedius sp. nov., P. maracas sp. nov., P. nigriceps sp. nov., P. nitidus sp. nov., P. nolli sp. nov., P. peruanus\ sp. nov., P. plaumanni sp. nov., P. propodealis sp. nov., P. rondoni sp. nov., P. subtristis sp. nov., P. szepligetii sp. nov., and P. trinidad sp. nov. Moreover, P .brasiliensis Sz\épligeti, 1902, P. columbianus Enderlein, 1912, P. ferrugineus (Enderlein, 1920), P. niger Marsh 2002, P. pardalotus Marsh 2002, P. rojasi Marsh 2002, P. tundisii Felix et Penteado-Dias, 2004 and P. variegatus Marsh 2002 are redescribed. The following new synonyms are proposed: Lamquetia Braet, Barbalho et Achterberg, 2003 under Pedinotus Sz\épligeti, 1902 (syn. nov.); L. marshi Braet et Barbalho, 2003 and P. fasciatus\ Castro, Nunes et Penteado-Dias, 2010 under P. pardalotus Marsh, 2003 (syn. nov.). The following new combination is suggested: P. rufus (Braet et van Achterberg, 2003), comb. nov. (from Lamquetia rufa). A key to the Neotropical species of Pedinotus is provided.\"

}, keywords = {description, DNA Barcoding, key, new species, new synonym, parasitoid, phylogeny, taxonomy}, doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.4327.1.1}, author = {Belokobylskij, S.A. and De Castro, C.S. and Shimbori, E.M. and Zaldivar-River{\'o}n, A. and Penteado-Dias, A.M.M. and Braet, Y.} } @article {539, title = {Systematics of the cyclostome subfamilies of braconid parasitic wasps (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonoidea): A simultaneous molecular and morphological Bayesian}, journal = {Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution}, volume = {38}, year = {2006}, pages = {130-145}, abstract = {Phylogenetic relationships among 95 genera collectively representing 17 of the 18 currently recognized cyclostome braconid wasp sub- families were investigated based on DNA sequence fragments of the mitochondrial COI and the nuclear 28S rDNA genes, in addition to morphological data. The treatment of sequence length variation of the 28S partition was explored by either excluding ambiguously aligned regions and indel information (28SN) or recoding them (28SA) using the {\textquoteleft}fragment-level{\textquoteright} alignment method with a modiWed cod- ing approach. Bayesian MCMC analyses were performed for the separate and combined data sets and a maximum parsimony analysis was also carried out for the simultaneous molecular and morphological data sets. There was a signiWcant incongruence between the two genes and between 28S and morphology, but not for morphology and COI. DiVerent analyses with the 28SA data matrix resulted in topologies that were generally similar to the ones from the 28SN matrix; however, the former topologies recovered a higher number of signiWcantly supported clades and had a higher mean Bayesian posterior probability, thus supporting the inclusion of information from ambiguously aligned regions and indel events in phylogenetic analyses where possible. Based on the signiWcantly supported clades obtained from the simultaneous molecular and morphological analyses, we propose that a total of 17 subfamilies should be recognized within the cyclostome group. The subfamilial placements of several problematic cyclostome genera were also established.}, keywords = {ambiguously aligned regions, Braconidae, fragment-level alignment, phylogeny, simultaneous analysis}, author = {Zaldivar-River{\'o}n, A. and Mori, M. and Quicke, D.L.J.} } @article {540, title = {Evolution of the parasitic wasp subfamily Rogadinae (Braconidae): phylogeny and evolution of lepidopteran host ranges and mummy characteristics.}, journal = {BMC evolutionary biology}, volume = {8}, year = {2008}, pages = {329}, abstract = {The braconid subfamily Rogadinae is a large, cosmopolitan group of endoparasitoid wasps characterised by {\textquoteright}mummifying{\textquoteright} their lepidopteran host larvae, from which the adult subsequently emerges. Rogadines attack a variety of both macro- and microlepidopteran taxa, although the speciose genus Aleiodes almost exclusively attacks macrolepidopterans. Here, we investigate the phylogenetic history of the Rogadinae, revise their higher-level classification and assess the evolution of their host ranges and mummy types. We also assess the divergence times within the subfamily and discuss the reasons for the extraordinary evolutionary diversification of Aleiodes.}, keywords = {28S, 28S: genetics, Animals, Biological Evolution, Electron Transport Complex IV, Electron Transport Complex IV: genetics, Genetic Speciation, lepidoptera, Lepidoptera: parasitology, phylogeny, Ribosomal, RNA, Species Specificity, Wasps, Wasps: classification, Wasps: genetics}, author = {Zaldivar-River{\'o}n, A. and Shaw, M.R. and S{\'a}ez, Al.G. and Mori, M. and Belokobylskij, S.A. and Shaw, S.R. and Quicke, D.L.J.} } @article {538, title = {DNA barcoding a highly diverse group of parasitoid wasps (Braconidae: Doryctinae) from a Mexican nature reserve.}, journal = {Mitochondrial DNA}, volume = {21 Suppl 1}, year = {2010}, pages = {18-23}, abstract = {The preliminary results of a DNA barcoding study of the doryctine fauna of parasitoid wasps from the Chamela-Cuixmala Biosphere Reserve in Mexico, a region dominated by tropical dry forest, are presented. So far, three field trips have been carried out to the reserve and 468 specimens have been collected, of which 407 cox1 sequences were obtained.}, keywords = {Animals, DNA, DNA Barcoding, Ecosystem, evolution, Genes, Insect, Mexico, Mitochondrial, Mitochondrial: genetics, Molecular, Molecular Sequence Data, phylogeny, Species Specificity, Taxonomic, Wasps, Wasps: anatomy \& histology, Wasps: classification, Wasps: genetics, Wasps: pathogenicity}, author = {Zaldivar-River{\'o}n, A. and Mart{\'\i}nez, J.J. and Ceccarelli, F.S. and DE JES{\'U}S-BONILLA, V.S. and Rodr{\'\i}guez-P{\'e}rez, A.C. and Res{\'e}ndiz-Flores, A. and Smith, M.A.} } @article {529, title = {Hierarchical analysis of variation in the mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene among Hymenoptera.}, journal = {Molecular biology and evolution}, volume = {15}, year = {1998}, pages = {1728-1743}, abstract = {Nucleotide sequences from a 434-bp region of the 16S rRNA gene were analyzed for 65 taxa of Hymenoptera (ants, bees, wasps, parasitoid wasps, sawflies) to examine the patterns of variation within the gene fragment and the taxonomic levels for which it shows maximum utility in phylogeny estimation. A hierarchical approach was adopted in the study through comparison of levels of sequence variation among taxa at different taxonomic levels. As previously reported for many holometabolous insects, the 16S data reported here for Hymenoptera are highly AT-rich and exhibit strong site-to-site variation in substitution rate. More precise estimates of the shape parameter (alpha) of the gamma distribution and the proportion of invariant sites were obtained in this study by employing a reference phylogeny and utilizing maximum-likelihood estimation. The effectiveness of this approach to recovering expected phylogenies of selected hymenopteran taxa has been tested against the use of maximum parsimony. This study finds that the 16S gene is most informative for phylogenetic analysis at two different levels: among closely related species or populations, and among tribes, subfamilies, and families. Maximization of the phylogenetic signal extracted from the 16S gene at higher taxonomic levels may require consideration of the base composition bias and the site-to-site rate variation in a maximum-likelihood framework.}, keywords = {16S, 16S: genetics, Animals, Base Sequence, DNA, evolution, Genetic Variation, Hymenoptera, Hymenoptera: classification, Hymenoptera: genetics, Mitochondrial, Mitochondrial: chemistry, Mitochondrial: genetics, Molecular, Molecular Sequence Data, Nucleic Acid Conformation, phylogeny, Ribosomal, Ribosomal: chemistry, Ribosomal: genetics, RNA, Wasps, Wasps: classification, Wasps: genetics}, author = {Whitfield, J.B. and Cameron, S.A.} } @article {524, title = {Comparative mitogenomics of Braconidae (Insecta: Hymenoptera) and the phylogenetic utility of mitochondrial genomes with special reference to Holometabolous insects.}, journal = {BMC genomics}, volume = {11}, year = {2010}, pages = {371}, abstract = {Animal mitochondrial genomes are potential models for molecular evolution and markers for phylogenetic and population studies. Previous research has shown interesting features in hymenopteran mitochondrial genomes. Here, we conducted a comparative study of mitochondrial genomes of the family Braconidae, one of the largest families of Hymenoptera, and assessed the utility of mitochondrial genomic data for phylogenetic inference at three different hierarchical levels, i.e., Braconidae, Hymenoptera, and Holometabola.}, keywords = {Animals, AT Rich Sequence, AT Rich Sequence: genetics, Base Composition, Base Sequence, Evolution, Molecular, Gene Rearrangement, Gene Rearrangement: genetics, Genome, Mitochondrial, Genome, Mitochondrial: genetics, Genomics, Hymenoptera, Hymenoptera: genetics, Male, Molecular Sequence Data, phylogeny}, author = {Wei, Shu-jun and Shi, M. and Sharkey, M.J. and Achterberg, C. van and Chen, X.-X.} } @article {514, title = {Per arborem ad astra: morphological adaptations to exploiting the woody habitat in the early evolution of Hymenoptera.}, journal = {Arthropod structure \& development}, volume = {40}, year = {2011}, pages = {2-20}, publisher = {Elsevier Ltd}, abstract = {We survey morphological features of larval and adult wasps that undergo their entire larval development inside wood and interpret them in view of the lifestyle. The evolution of some of the characters is explored by mapping them on a recently published phylogeny of Hymenoptera. Based on this phylogeny, it is reasonable to assume that wood-living wasps evolved from a xylophagous/mycetophagous stage as displayed by woodwasps to a carnivorous/parasitoid lifestyle, preying on woodboring insect larvae. The latter mode of life is probably ancestral to the Apocrita which comprise the majority of the order; they share this lifestyle with their sister group, the Orussidae. However, most apocritan wasps have radiated into other habitats, the Orussidae and Stephanidae apparently being the only taxa that have retained the ancestral lifestyle of carnivorous wasps. Other apocritan lineages associated with wood (e.g., Aulacidae, Megalyridae, basal Cynipoidea and some Ichneumonoidea and Chalcidoidea) possibly entered this habitat secondarily and independently acquired morphological traits associated with it. The woody habitat was occupied by Hymenoptera during a crucial stage in their evolution where the transition from the phytophagous to carnivorous lifestyle took place. The anatomy of both larva and adults was extensively transformed in the process.}, keywords = {Animals, Biological Evolution, Ecosystem, Food Preferences, Food Preferences: physiology, Hymenoptera, Hymenoptera: anatomy \& histology, Hymenoptera: genetics, Hymenoptera: physiology, Larva, Larva: anatomy \& histology, Larva: physiology, phylogeny, Trees}, author = {Vilhelmsen, L. and Turrisi, G.F.} } @article {423, title = {Phylogeny of the subfamilies of the family Braconidae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonoidea)}, journal = {Zoologische Verhandelingen Leiden}, volume = {8}, year = {1992}, pages = {199-235}, abstract = {A phylogenetic analysis of the subfamilies of the family Braconidae Nees, 1812 is presented. The analysis employing 96 phylogenetically informative characters was performed using the computer- ized parsimony programmes PAUP and Hennig86. The cladograms obtained show that the Bracon- idae can be divided into three major groups of subfamilies. These are a lineage comprising the mainly ectoparasitic cyclostomes and relatives, and two advanced endoparasitic groups, both apparently derived from somewhere near the endoparasitic cyclostome subfamily Rogadinae Foerster, 1862 sensu stricto. As a result of the phylogenetic analysis subfamily rank is given to the Exothecinae Foerster, 1862 (including the Hormiini Foerster, 1862), the Rhyssalinae Foerster, 1862 (including the Pambolini Marshall, 1885), the Charmontinae van Achterberg, 1979, and the Microtypinae Sz{\'e}pligeti, 1908. The tribes Meteorini Cresson, 1887 and Muesebeckiini Mason, 1969 are retained as tribes because this anal- ysis did not provide conclusive arguments to separate these groups from the Euphorinae Foerster, 1862 sensu stricto and the Ichneutinae Foerster, 1862 sensu stricto, respectively. The limits of the sub- family Rogadinae Foerster, 1862 are narrowed to include only endoparasitic taxa.}, keywords = {Braconidae, metasomal, morphology, ovipositor-shape, phylogeny, subfamilies}, isbn = {0000000000}, author = {Quicke, D.L.J. and Achterberg, C. van} } @article {427, title = {Molecular analysis of parasitoid linkages (MAPL): gut contents of adult parasitoid wasps reveal larval host.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {20}, year = {2011}, pages = {179-186}, abstract = {Metamorphosing insects often have complex and poorly known life histories. In particular, what they feed on during their larval stages remains unknown for the vast majority of species, and its documentation only results from difficult and time-intensive field observations, rearing or dissections. Through the application of a DNA analysis of gut contents in adult parasitoid wasps, we were able to selectively sequence a diagnostic DNA marker that permitted the identification of the host used by these wasps during their larval stages. By reproducing these results in species with different life histories, we excluded other potential sources of host DNA, confirming that after ingestion by the parasitoid larva the host DNA can persist through metamorphosis in the abdominal contents of the adult wasp. Our discovery considerably extends the applicability of molecular analysis of gut contents by enabling the documentation of food used by insects during their larval stages and thus increasing the accuracy and precision of food web studies. The 24\% success rate of our approach is surprisingly high considering the challenging context for host DNA preservation, and we discuss the factors possibly affecting this rate. We propose molecular analysis of parasitoid linkages (MAPL) as a new method to document host-parasitoid associations at a faster pace and with unrivalled precision. Because of the key regulatory role of parasitoid wasps in ecosystems, which makes them the most commonly used biological control agents, MAPL will have immediate applications in both basic and applied biological sciences.}, keywords = {Animals, Biological, Food Chain, Host-Parasite Interactions, Larva, Larva: physiology, lepidoptera, Lepidoptera: genetics, Lepidoptera: parasitology, Lepidoptera: physiology, Pest Control, phylogeny, Wasps, Wasps: physiology}, author = {Rougerie, Rodolphe and Smith, M Alex and Fernandez-Triana, J.L. and Lopez-Vaamonde, Carlos and Ratnasingham, Sujeevan and Hebert, Paul D N} } @article {429, title = {Applying DNA barcoding for the study of geographical variation in host-parasitoid interactions.}, journal = {Molecular ecology resources}, volume = {11}, year = {2011}, pages = {46-59}, abstract = {Studies on the biogeography of host-parasitoid interactions are scarce, mainly because of technical difficulties associated with rearing and species identification. DNA barcoding is increasingly recognized as a valuable tool for taxon identification, allowing to link different life history stages of a species. We evaluate the usefulness of a protocol based on cytochrome oxidase I (COI) sequencing for the study of geographical variation of host-parasitoid interactions. Larvae of Acroclita subsequana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) were collected in Macaronesia and dissected to search for parasitoid larvae. Both hosts and parasitoids were sequenced and assigned to molecular operational taxonomic units (MOTUs) based on pairwise genetic distances, tree-based and similarity-based methods. Hosts were grouped into six MOTUs, usually with an allopatric distribution, while parasitoids clustered into 12 MOTUs, each of which was mostly found attacking a single host MOTU. Available COI sequence databases failed to provide identification to species level for these MOTUs. Three challenges related to the applicability of DNA barcoding in this type of studies are identified and discussed: (i) more suitable primers need to be developed for both parasitoids and hosts; (ii) the most commonly used approaches for inferring MOTUs have different limitations (e.g. arbitrary nature of defining a threshold to separate MOTUs) and need to be improved or replaced by other techniques; and (iii) for the identification of MOTUs, it is imperative to increase the range of sequenced taxa in the currently available reference databases. Finally, in spite of these difficulties, we discuss how DNA barcoding will help ecological and biogeographical studies of host-parasitoid interactions.}, keywords = {Animals, DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic, DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic: methods, Electron Transport Complex IV, Electron Transport Complex IV: genetics, Euphorbia, Euphorbia: parasitology, Europe, Geography, Host-Parasite Interactions, Insect Proteins, Insect Proteins: genetics, Molecular Sequence Data, Moths, Moths: classification, Moths: enzymology, Moths: genetics, Moths: physiology, phylogeny}, author = {Santos, Ana M C and Besnard, Guillaume and Quicke, D.L.J.} } @article {403, title = {Molecular systematics of basal subfamilies of ants using 28S rRNA (Hymenoptera: Formicidae).}, journal = {Molecular phylogenetics and evolution}, volume = {40}, year = {2006}, pages = {359-369}, abstract = {For many years, the ant subfamily Ponerinae was hypothesized to contain the basal (early branching) lineages of ants. Recently the Ponerinae were reclassified into six poneromorph subfamilies based on morphological analysis. We evaluate this new poneromorph classification using 1240 base pairs of DNA sequence data obtained from 28S rRNA gene sequences of 68 terminal taxa. The molecular tree supported the monophyly of the ant family Formicidae, with 100\% parsimony bootstrap (PB) support and posterior probabilities (PP) of 1.00, with the ant subfamily Leptanillinae as a sister group to all other ants (PB=62, PP=93). However, our analyses strongly support the polyphyly of the Poneromorph subfamilies (sensu Bolton). The Ectatomminae and Heteroponerinae are more closely related to the Formicoid subfamilies than to the rest of the poneromophs (PB=96, PP=100). The Amblyoponinae (PB=52, PP=96), Paraponerinae (PB=100, PP=100), Ponerinae (PB<50, PP=71), and Proceratiinae (PB=98, PP=100) appear as distinct lineages at the base of the tree and are identified as a poneroid grade. Monophyletic origins for the poneroid subfamilies Amblyoponinae, Paraponerinae, Ponerinae and Proceratiinae are supported in our analysis. However, the genus Platythyrea forms a distinct sister group to the Ponerini within the Ponerinae. The Heteroponerinae, based on our sample of Heteroponera, are associated with the subfamily Ectatomminae (PB=98, PP=100). Furthermore, our data indicate the genus Probolomyrmex belongs to the Proceratiinae as suggested by recent morphological analysis (PB=98, PP=100).}, keywords = {28S, 28S: genetics, Animals, Hymenoptera, Hymenoptera: classification, Hymenoptera: genetics, phylogeny, Ribosomal, RNA}, author = {Ouellette, Gary D and Fisher, B.L. and Girman, Derek J} } @article {394, title = {Phylogeny of the parasitic microgastroid subfamilies (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) based on sequence data from seven genes, with an improved time estimate of the origin of the lineage.}, journal = {Molecular phylogenetics and evolution}, volume = {47}, year = {2008}, pages = {378-395}, abstract = {The microgastroid complex of braconid wasps is a widely recognized and biologically coherent lineage of endoparasitoids of lepidopteran larvae (caterpillars). The complex has received significant phylogenetic attention in recent years due in part to the taxons{\textquoteright} association with mutualistic polydnaviruses, with which they compromise host immune systems. A number of previous attempts using a variety of morphological and molecular approaches have not unequivocally resolved relationships amongst the main subfamilies. This work represents a more extensive attempt to resolve the microgastroid relationships, using seven genes (16S rRNA, cytochrome oxidase I (CO1), 28S rRNA, arginine kinase (ArgK), long wavelength rhodopsin (Ops), elongation factor 1 alpha (EF1a) and wingless (Wg)) and a greater taxonomic representation. Bayesian, likelihood and parsimony phylogenetic reconstructions of this improved data set has determined that the chelonines diverged first from the remainder of the microgastroids, however the relationships amongst the other subfamilies are still unclear, suggesting a greater nucleotide sample is required to resolve them. Examination of the contribution of individual gene trees to the phylogeny demonstrates why the relationships between subfamilies are still unclear, with not all groups monophyletic for all trees. Filtered supernetworks demonstrate that monophyly of all subfamilies is only recovered when splits found in only one or two genes are excluded, but this also results in little remaining structure left in the deep nodes to resolve inter-subfamily relationships. By increasing the breadth of the study we were also able to re-evaluate previous attempts at dating the lineage and, therefore the origin of the polydnavirus association. Previous attempts used a much reduced data set and fewer fossil calibrations. Thorough literature searches have revealed a substantial increase in the fossil calibrations and these, combined with more sophisticated molecular dating analysis, have substantially increased the age of the microgastroid lineage from previous estimates of approximately 73MYA to approximately 100MYA. Examination of the resultant linearized clock tree also allows an insight into the evolution of the more species rich subfamilies. The chelonines appear to have had a steady rate of evolution, whilst the microgastrines and cardiochilines appear to have undergone a more significant "burst" of evolution. It is hypothesized that the different parasitism strategies of subfamilies (Chelonines are egg parasitoids and the remainder are larval parasitioids) may have influenced the evolutionary rates of the groups.}, keywords = {Animals, Base Sequence, DNA Primers, Hymenoptera, Hymenoptera: classification, Hymenoptera: genetics, Likelihood Functions, phylogeny}, author = {Murphy, Nicholas and Banks, J.C. and Whitfield, J.B. and Austin, A.D.} } @article {384, title = {Phenology and phylogeny of animal-dispersed plants in a Dry Chaco forest (Argentina)}, journal = {Journal of arid environments}, volume = {52}, year = {2002}, pages = {1-16}, publisher = {Elsevier}, abstract = {Phenological patterns of dry tropical forests have been related to environ- mental factors, mainly rainfall and insolation, and to plant endogenous rhythms inherent to trees as large, perennial plants. Superimposed to these environ- mental ({\textquoteleft}external hypothesis{\textquoteright}) and intrinsic ({\textquoteleft}endogenous hypothesis{\textquoteright}) explana- tions, there may be phylogenetic constraints contributing to shape phenology. The phenology of tree and shrub species with fleshy fruits in a Dry Chaco forest in Argentina was studied addressing these hypotheses and following two approaches, with the species average values taken as independent data points, and removing phylogenetic effects. The hypotheses addressed are largely complementary to one another. Strong environmental restrictions conditioned general flowering patterns with species {\textasciiacute} endogenous characteristics acting secondarily. Phylogenetic patterns were also masked by climatic variables. When considering fruiting phenology, however, phylogeny, representing a set of species {\textasciiacute} shared traits, predominated over environmental restrictions.}, keywords = {Argentina, dispersal guild, Dry Chaco forest, flowering and fruiting patterns, phenology, phylogeny}, author = {Marco, D.E. and P{\'a}ez, S.A.} } @article {387, title = {Molecular and morphological phylogenetics of weevils (coleoptera, curculionoidea): do niche shifts accompany diversification?}, journal = {Systematic biology}, volume = {51}, year = {2002}, pages = {761-785}, abstract = {The main goals of this study were to provide a robust phylogeny for the families of the superfamily Curculionoidea, to discover relationships and major natural groups within the family Curculionidae, and to clarify the evolution of larval habits and host-plant associations in weevils to analyze their role in weevil diversification. Phylogenetic relationships among the weevils (Curculionoidea) were inferred from analysis of nucleotide sequences of 18S ribosomal DNA (rDNA; approximately 2,000 bases) and 115 morphological characters of larval and adult stages. A worldwide sample of 100 species was compiled to maximize representation of weevil morphological and ecological diversity. All families and the main subfamilies of Curculionoidea were represented. The family Curculionidae sensu lato was represented by about 80 species in 30 "subfamilies" of traditional classifications. Phylogenetic reconstruction was accomplished by parsimony analysis of separate and combined molecular and morphological data matrices and Bayesian analysis of the molecular data; tree topology support was evaluated. Results of the combined analysis of 18S rDNA and morphological data indicate that monophyly of and relationships among each of the weevil families are well supported with the topology ((Nemonychidae, Anthribidae) (Belidae (Attelabidae (Caridae (Brentidae, Curculionidae))))). Within the clade Curculionidae sensu lato, the basal positions are occupied by mostly monocot-associated taxa with the primitive type of male genitalia followed by the Curculionidae sensu stricto, which is made up of groups with the derived type of male genitalia. High support values were found for the monophyly of some distinct curculionid groups such as Dryophthorinae (several tribes represented) and Platypodinae (Tesserocerini plus Platypodini), among others. However, the subfamilial relationships in Curculionidae are unresolved or weakly supported. The phylogeny estimate based on combined 18S rDNA and morphological data suggests that diversification in weevils was accompanied by niche shifts in host-plant associations and larval habits. Pronounced conservatism is evident in larval feeding habits, particularly in the host tissue consumed. Multiple shifts to use of angiosperms in Curculionoidea were identified, each time associated with increases in weevil diversity and subsequent shifts back to gymnosperms, particularly in the Curculionidae.}, keywords = {18S, 18S: genetics, Animals, Beetles, DNA, Genetic, Models, phylogeny, Ribosomal, Ribosomal: genetics, RNA, Sequence Analysis}, author = {Marvaldi, A.E. and Sequeira, A.S. and O{\textquoteright}Brien, C.W. and Farrell, B.D.} } @article {362, title = {A new species of Latana Cameron (Hymenoptera : Braconidae : Braconinae) from Kibale Forest National Park, western Uganda, with the first host record of the genus confirmed by molecular techniques}, journal = {African entomology}, volume = {12}, year = {2004}, pages = {1-8}, abstract = {The genus Latana Cameron is recognized as being a member of the Braconinae and a new species, L. keijua Laurenne \& Quicke, parasitic on lamiine cerambycid beetle larvae in western Uganda is illustrated and described as new. DNA sequence data were used to confirmthe host{\textendash}parasitoid association. A key is provided to separate the new species from the type-species of the genus.Observation of ovipositor buckling is presented,andthe distri- bution of facial protuberances in the Braconidae is discussed.}, keywords = {dna sequence, morphology, ovipositor, phylogeny}, author = {Laurenne, N.M.} } @article {347, title = {Molecular phylogeny of Cotesia Cameron, 1891 (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) parasitoids associated with Melitaeini butterflies (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Melitaeini)}, journal = {Molecular phylogenetics and evolution}, volume = {32}, year = {2004}, pages = {207-220}, publisher = {Elsevier}, abstract = {Phylogenetic relationships among Cotesia Cameron (Braconidae) species parasitising Melitaeini butterflies were examined using DNA sequence data (mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I and NADH1 dehydrogenase genes, nuclear ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer region) as well as 12 microsatellite loci. Molecular data were available from ostensibly six species of Cotesia from 16 host butterfly species in Europe, Asia, and North America. Analysis of the combined sequence data using both maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood revealed two distinct Cotesia clades. In one clade (C. acuminata (Reinhard); C. bignellii (Marshall)) host ranges are apparently narrow and, although Euphydryas (s. lato) is well-utilised, permeation of Melitaea (s. lato) has been slight. In the other clade (C. melitaearum (Wilkinson); C. lycophron (Nixon); C. cynthiae (Nixon)) host utilization across the Melitaeini as a whole is more extensive and the data are consistent with more recent, or active, speciation processes. Neighbour-joining trees calculated separately for the two main clades based on Cavalli-Sforza and Edwards (1967) chord distance (DCE) of microsatellite allele frequencies were consistent with phylogenetic trees obtained from the sequence data. Our analysis strongly suggests the presence of several additional, previously unrecognised, Cotesia species parasitising this group of butterflies}, keywords = {cotesia, melitaeini, microsatellites, mtdna, parasitoids, phylogeny}, author = {Kankare, Maaria and Shaw, M.R.} } @article {273, title = {Ecological stoichiometry of ants in a New World rain forest.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {142}, year = {2005}, pages = {221-31}, abstract = {C:N stoichiometry was investigated in relation to diet (delta(15)N), N-deprivation, and worker body size for a diverse assemblage of tropical Amazonian ants. Relative nitrogen (N) deprivation was assayed for 54 species as an exchange ratio (ER), defined as SUCmin/AAmin, or the minimum sucrose concentration, divided by the minimum amino acid concentration, accepted as food by >/=50\% of tested workers. On average, N-deprivation (ER) was almost fivefold greater for N-omnivorous and N-herbivorous (N-OH) taxa than for N-carnivores. In two-way ANOVAs at three taxonomic levels (species and species groups, genera, and tribes), higher ER was associated with small body size and (marginally) with less carnivorous diets. ERs did not differ systematically between trophobiont-tending and "leaf-foraging" functional groups, but specialized wound-feeders and coccid-tenders were prominent among high ER taxa. Paradoxically, some high ER taxa were among the most predatory members of their genera or subfamilies. Biomass \% N was lower in N-OH taxa than in carnivores and varied inversely with N-deprivation (log ER) in the former taxa only. In an expanded data set, N-content increased allometrically in N-OHs, N-carnivores, and all ants combined, and with carnivory in large-bodied ants only. Exceptional taxa included small-bodied and predaceous Wasmannia, with high \% N despite high ER, and Linepithema, with the lowest \% N despite high delta(15)N. Patterns in C:N stoichiometry are explained largely at the genus level and above by elemental composition of alarm/defensive/offensive chemical weaponry and, perhaps in some cases, by reduced N investment in cuticle in taxa with high surface:volume ratios. Several consequences of C:N stoichiometry identify Azteca, and possibly Crematogaster, as taxa preadapted for their roles as prominent associates of myrmecophytes. C:N stoichiometry of ants should be incorporated into models of strategic colony design and examined in a phylogenetic context as opportunities permit.}, keywords = {Analysis of Variance, Animals, Ants, Ants: metabolism, Biomass, Body Composition, Body Size, Carbon, Carbon: metabolism, Diet, Environment, Feeding Behavior, Feeding Behavior: physiology, Logistic Models, Nitrogen, Nitrogen: metabolism, Peru, phylogeny, Species Specificity, Sucrose, Sucrose: chemistry}, author = {Davidson, D.W.} } @article {256, title = {Filogenia de avispas del g{\'e}nero Netelia (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) con {\'e}nfasis en las especies costarricenses}, journal = {Revista de Biolog\'\ia Tropical}, volume = {57}, year = {2009}, pages = {213-238}, abstract = {Phylogeny of wasps of the genus Netelia (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) with emphasis on Costa Rican species. Results on the first cladistic analysis of the genus Netelia are presented. The analysis was carried out with the aid of the Hennig86 and Tree Gardener 2.2 programs, using a matrix of 79 taxa and 149 char- acters, based mainly on external morphology and male genitalia; only three characters are related to the natural history of the species. Within the in-group, representative species of the 11 subgenera of Netelia described in the world were included, although almost 80\% of the species examined are from Costa Rica. To test the monophyly of the genus, five tryphonine species - Neliopisthus yui, Chiloplatys lucens, Phytodietus (Neuchorus) penai, P. (N.) lindus and P. (Phytodietus) moragai - were also included in the study group. Labena zerita (Labeninae) was used as an out-group. The search strategies of the trees included phylogenetic reconstruction by parsimony, without and with successive weighting of characters, through the commands bb *and mhennig*. In the analysis without successive weighting, 1 211 equally parsimonious trees with a length of 649 steps, Ci of 23 and Ri of 68, were obtained. In the analysis with successive weighting 1 211 trees with a length of 719 steps, Ci of 20 and Ri of 64, were obtained. The manifold cladograms obtained were summarized through two Majority Rule Consensuses trees, one for each rearch strategy. Support was found for the monophyly of the genus Netelia, and the subgenera N. (Apatagium), N. (Bessobates), N. (Monomacrodon), N. (Parabates), N. (Protonetelia), N. (Toxochilus) and N. (Longiterebates), although this last subgenus was only monophyletic in the analysis without successive weighting. Phylogenetic support was also obtained for the species groups leo, unguicularis and emorsa proposed by Townes (1938) in the subgenus N. (Netelia). The results support the synonymy of N. (Toxochiloides) with the group emorsa in the New World. Phylogenetic support was not found for the subgenera N. (Netelia), N. (Prosthodocis) and N. (Paropheltes), nor for the species groups virgata in N. (Bessobates) and geminata Townes in N. (Netelia). Nor was support found for a phylogenetic relation between the subgenera N. (Apatagium) and N. (Monomacrodon). Finally, with the results obtained here, the presence in Costa Rica of the subgenera N. (Longiterebates) and N. (Parabates), as documented by Gauld (1997), is rejected. The presence of N. (Bessobates) is unconditionally accepted and, for practical reasons, that of N. (Prosthodocis) and N. (Netelia); in addition, the presence of N. (Paropheltes) and N. (Toxochilus) is tentatively proposed. Rev.}, keywords = {Costa Rica., insects, male genitalias, morphology, Netelia, parasitoid species, phylogeny, Tryphoninae}, author = {Coronado-Rivera, J.} } @article {200, title = {Doryctorgilus gen. nov. and other new taxa, with a study of the internal microsculpture of the ovipositor in the subfamily Orgilinae Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)}, journal = {Zoologische Mededelingen Leiden}, volume = {77}, year = {2003}, pages = {127-152}, abstract = {

One new monotypic genus of the subfamily Orgilinae Ashmead, 1900 (type species: D. morvanae spec. nov.), two new species of the genus Podorgilus van Achterberg, 1994 (P. nemorensis spec. nov. and P. luteus spec. nov.) and one new species of the genus Agathis Latreille, 1804 (A. depressifrons spec. nov.) are described. The internal microsculpture of the ovipositor in several genera of the subfamily Orgilinae has been examined and revealed several new features with a potentially high phylogenetic value. A cladistic analysis has been performed with some of these new character-states which corroborate the recognition of the tribe Mimagathidini Enderlein, 1905 (excluding the subtribe Mesocoelina Viereck, 1918), and support the division of this subfamily into three tribes. The study of the genera Bentonia and Stantonia showed the need of an accurate analysis to verify the status of the genus Bentonia.

}, keywords = {Agathidinae, Agathidini, Agathis, Anstestrigini, Braconidae, Brazil, cladistic analysis, Colombia, Doryctorgilus, keys, Mesocoelina, Mimagathidini, Neotropical, new genus, new species, Orgilinae, Orgilini, ovipositor internal microsculpture, phylogeny}, url = {http://www.repository.naturalis.nl/document/44262}, author = {Braet, Y. and Achterberg, C. van} } @article {202, title = {Notes on the tribe Mimagathidini with a description of a new genus (Hymenoptera : Braconidae : Orgilinae)}, journal = {Zoologische Mededelingen Leiden}, volume = {73}, year = {2000}, pages = {465-486}, abstract = {

Eleonoria gen. nov. (type species: E. mesembria spec. nov. from Malaysia; five additional species from Japan, China (including Taiwan), Philippines, and Indonesia (Halmahera) are included), Orgilonia pasohensis spec. nov. from Malaysia, Orgilus reclinatus spec. nov. from Congo, O. alboannulatus spec. nov., and O. brevicaudatus spec. nov., both from Uganda, are described and partly illustrated. Keys to the species of Eleonoria gen. nov. and the genus Orgilonia van Achterberg are included. Eleonoria chuchiensis (Chou, 1995) is a new combination. The tribe Mesoscoelini Viereck, 1918 (= Aneurobraconinae Fahringer, 1936) is removed from the subfamily Agathidinae and included in the Orgilinae and synonymised with the tribe Mimagathidini (syn. nov.).

}, keywords = {Afrotropical, biology, Braconidae, Eleonoria, keys, Mesocoelini, Mimagathidini, Orgilinae, Orgilonia, Orgilus, Oriental, Palaearctical, phylogeny}, url = {http://www.repository.naturalis.nl/document/44310}, author = {Braet, Y. and Achterberg, C. van and Chen, X.-X.} } @article {178, title = {Cryptic species as a window on diversity and conservation.}, journal = {Trends in ecology \& evolution}, volume = {22}, year = {2007}, pages = {148-55}, abstract = {The taxonomic challenge posed by cryptic species (two or more distinct species classified as a single species) has been recognized for nearly 300 years, but the advent of relatively inexpensive and rapid DNA sequencing has given biologists a new tool for detecting and differentiating morphologically similar species. Here, we synthesize the literature on cryptic and sibling species and discuss trends in their discovery. However, a lack of systematic studies leaves many questions open, such as whether cryptic species are more common in particular habitats, latitudes or taxonomic groups. The discovery of cryptic species is likely to be non-random with regard to taxon and biome and, hence, could have profound implications for evolutionary theory, biogeography and conservation planning.}, keywords = {Adaptation, Biological, Adaptation, Biological: genetics, Animals, biodiversity, Biological Evolution, Conservation of Natural Resources, Ecology, Ecosystem, Genetic Variation, Geography, phylogeny, RNA Splice Sites, Sequence Analysis, DNA, Species Specificity}, author = {Bickford, David and Lohman, David J and Sodhi, Navjot S and Ng, P.K.L. and Meier, Rudolf and Winker, Kevin and Ingram, Krista K and Das, Indraneil} } @article {147, title = {Venom gland and reservoir morphology of the genus Pseudoyelicones van Achterberg , Penteado-Dias \& Quicke ( Hymenoptera : Braconidae : Rogadinae ) and implications for relationships}, journal = {Zoologische Mededelingen Leiden}, volume = {78}, year = {2004}, pages = {119-122}, abstract = {The venom apparatus of Pseudoyelicones nigriscutum van Achterberg, 1997 (Braconidae: Rogadinae) is described and illustrated. The venom apparatus morphology of Pseudoyelicones is closely related to that of Bulborogas van Achterberg. Therefore, we propose a sister group relationship between these two genera.}, keywords = {Bulborogas, phylogeny, Pseudoyelicones, venom apparatus, Yelicones}, author = {Areekul, B and Zaldivar-River{\'o}n, A. and Quicke, D.L.J.} } @article {99, title = {Revision of the genus Trispinaria Quicke (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)}, journal = {Zoologische Mededelingen Leiden}, volume = {65}, year = {1991}, pages = {181-198}, abstract = {The genus Trispinaria Quicke, 1986 (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Braconinae) has been revised and six new species are described. The type-species is fully illustrated, and redescribed. A key to the species is added; the phylogeny, biogeography and distribution are discussed.}, keywords = {biogeography, Braconidae, Braconinae, distribution, key, Oriental, phylogeny, Sulawesi, Trispinaria}, author = {Achterberg, C. van} }