@article {535,
	title = {A revision of male ants of the Malagasy region (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): Key to genera of the subfamily Dolichoderinae},
	journal = {Zootaxa},
	volume = {2794},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {1-34},
	abstract = {Keys to the males of the Dolichoderinae ant genera known from the Southwest Indian Ocean islands (Comoros, Madagas- car, Mauritius, Mayotte, Reunion, and Seychelles) are provided. Diagnoses, discussion, illustrations, and a character ma- trix are provided for all five extant genera from the region: Aptinoma, Ochetellus, Ravavy, Tapinoma, and Technomyrmex. A male-based synopsis of the subfamily Dolichoderinae based on the five genera is also given. The previous diagnostic characters for the included genera are reconsidered. Terminologies for male genitalia and wing cells are reviewed.},
	keywords = {aptinoma, comoros, diagnosis, genitalia, key, labrum, Madagascar, matrix table, mauritius, mayotte, ochetellus, palp, ravavy, reunion, seychelles, tapinoma, technomyrmex, terminology, Wing},
	author = {Yoshimura, M. and Fisher, B.L.}
}
@article {446,
	title = {Stable structural color patterns displayed on transparent insect wings.},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	volume = {108},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {668-673},
	abstract = {Color patterns play central roles in the behavior of insects, and are important traits for taxonomic studies. Here we report striking and stable structural color patterns--wing interference patterns (WIPs)--in the transparent wings of small Hymenoptera and Diptera, patterns that have been largely overlooked by biologists. These extremely thin wings reflect vivid color patterns caused by thin film interference. The visibility of these patterns is affected by the way the insects display their wings against various backgrounds with different light properties. The specific color sequence displayed lacks pure red and matches the color vision of most insects, strongly suggesting that the biological significance of WIPs lies in visual signaling. Taxon-specific color patterns are formed by uneven membrane thickness, pigmentation, venation, and hair placement. The optically refracted pattern is also stabilized by microstructures of the wing such as membrane corrugations and spherical cell structures that reinforce the pattern and make it essentially noniridescent over a large range of light incidences. WIPs can be applied to map the micromorphology of wings through direct observation and are useful in several fields of biology. We demonstrate their usefulness as identification patterns to solve cases of cryptic species complexes in tiny parasitic wasps, and indicate their potentials for research on the genetic control of wing development through direct links between the transregulatory wing landscape and interference patterns we observe in Drosophila model species. Some species display sexually dimorphic WIPs, suggesting sexual selection as one of the driving forces for their evolution.},
	keywords = {Animal, Animals, biodiversity, Body Patterning, Drosophila, Drosophila: physiology, Electron, Female, Genetic Variation, insects, Male, Microscopy, Pigmentation, Scanning, Sex Factors, Sexual Behavior, Species Specificity, Wing, Wing: metabolism, Wing: physiology},
	author = {Shevtsova, Ekaterina and Hansson, Christer and Janzen, D.H. and Kj{\ae}randsen, Jostein}
}
@article {310,
	title = {Gender identification of five genera of stingless bees (Apidae, Meliponini) based on wing morphology.},
	journal = {Genetics and molecular research : GMR},
	volume = {8},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {207-14},
	abstract = {Currently, the identification of pollinators is a critical necessity of conservation programs. After it was found that features extracted from patterns of wing venation are sufficient to discriminate among insect species, various studies have focused on this structure. We examined wing venation patterns of males and workers of five stingless bee species in order to determine if there are differences between sexes and if these differences are greater within than between species. Geometric morphometric analyses were made of the forewings of males and workers of Nannotrigona testaceicornis, Melipona quadrifasciata, Frieseomelitta varia, and Scaptotrigona aff. depilis and Plebeia remota. The patterns of males and workers from the same species were more similar than the patterns of individuals of the same sex from different species, and the patterns of both males and workers, when analyzed alone, were sufficiently different to distinguish among these five species. This demonstrates that we can use this kind of analysis for the identification of stingless bee species and that the sex of the individual does not impede identification. Computer-assisted morphometric analysis of bee wing images can be a useful tool for biodiversity studies and conservation programs.},
	keywords = {Animals, Bees, Bees: anatomy \& histology, Bees: classification, biodiversity, Male, Sex Characteristics, Wing, Wing: anatomy \& histology},
	author = {Francoy, T M and Silva, R.A.O. and Nunes-Silva, P and Menezes, C and Imperatriz-Fonseca, V L}
}
