@article {457,
	title = {Sequential rapid adaptation of indigenous parasitoid wasps to the invasive butterfly Pieris brassicae.},
	journal = {Evolution; international journal of organic evolution},
	volume = {61},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {1791-802},
	publisher = {BioOne},
	abstract = {The introduction of a new species can change the characteristics of other species within a community. These changes may affect discontiguous trophic levels via adjacent trophic levels. The invasion of an exotic host species may provide the opportunity to observe the dynamics of changing interspecific interactions among parasitoids belonging to different trophic levels. The exotic large white butterfly Pieris brassicae invaded Hokkaido Island, Japan, and quickly spread throughout the island. Prior to the invasion, the small white butterfly P. rapae was the host of the primary parasitoid Cotesia glomerata, on which both the larval hyperparasitoid Baryscapus galactopus and the pupal hyperparasitoid Trichomalopsis apanteroctena depended. At the time of the invasion, C. glomerata generally laid eggs exclusively in P. rapae. During the five years following the invasion, however, the clutch size of C. glomerata in P. rapae gradually decreased, whereas the clutch size in P. brassicae increased. The field results corresponded well with laboratory experiments showing an increase in the rate of parasitism in P. brassicae. The host expansion of C. glomerata provided the two hyperparasitoids with an opportunity to choose between alternative hosts, that is, C. glomerata within P. brassicae and C. glomerata within P. rapae. Indeed, the pupal hyperparasitoid T. apanteroctena shifted its preference gradually to C. glomerata in P. brassicae, whereas the larval hyperparasitoid B. galactopus maintained a preference for C. glomerata in P. rapae. These changes in host preference may result from differential suitability of the two host types. The larval hyperparasitoid preferred C. glomerata within P. rapae to C. glomerata within P. brassicae, presumably because P. brassicae larvae attacked aggressively, thereby hindering the parasitization, whereas the pupal hyperparasitoid could take advantage of the competition-free resource by shifting its host preference. Consequently, the invasion of P. brassicae has changed the host use of the primary parasitoid C. glomerata and the pupal hyperparasitoid T. apanteroctena within a very short time.},
	keywords = {Adaptation, Animals, Biological, Biological Evolution, Butterflies, Butterflies: parasitology, Clutch Size, Clutch Size: physiology, Ecosystem, Female, Host-Parasite Interactions, Host-Parasite Interactions: physiology, japan, Larva, Larva: parasitology, Time Factors, Wasps, Wasps: physiology},
	author = {Tanaka, Shingo and Nishida, Takayoshi and Ohsaki, Naota}
}
@article {427,
	title = {Molecular analysis of parasitoid linkages (MAPL): gut contents of adult parasitoid wasps reveal larval host.},
	journal = {Molecular ecology},
	volume = {20},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {179-186},
	abstract = {Metamorphosing insects often have complex and poorly known life histories. In particular, what they feed on during their larval stages remains unknown for the vast majority of species, and its documentation only results from difficult and time-intensive field observations, rearing or dissections. Through the application of a DNA analysis of gut contents in adult parasitoid wasps, we were able to selectively sequence a diagnostic DNA marker that permitted the identification of the host used by these wasps during their larval stages. By reproducing these results in species with different life histories, we excluded other potential sources of host DNA, confirming that after ingestion by the parasitoid larva the host DNA can persist through metamorphosis in the abdominal contents of the adult wasp. Our discovery considerably extends the applicability of molecular analysis of gut contents by enabling the documentation of food used by insects during their larval stages and thus increasing the accuracy and precision of food web studies. The 24\% success rate of our approach is surprisingly high considering the challenging context for host DNA preservation, and we discuss the factors possibly affecting this rate. We propose molecular analysis of parasitoid linkages (MAPL) as a new method to document host-parasitoid associations at a faster pace and with unrivalled precision. Because of the key regulatory role of parasitoid wasps in ecosystems, which makes them the most commonly used biological control agents, MAPL will have immediate applications in both basic and applied biological sciences.},
	keywords = {Animals, Biological, Food Chain, Host-Parasite Interactions, Larva, Larva: physiology, lepidoptera, Lepidoptera: genetics, Lepidoptera: parasitology, Lepidoptera: physiology, Pest Control, phylogeny, Wasps, Wasps: physiology},
	author = {Rougerie, Rodolphe and Smith, M Alex and Fernandez-Triana, J.L. and Lopez-Vaamonde, Carlos and Ratnasingham, Sujeevan and Hebert, Paul D N}
}
@article {258,
	title = {Parasitoid diversity (Hymenoptera: Braconidae and Figitidae) on frugivorous larvae (Diptera: Tephritidae and Lonchaeidae) at Adolpho Ducke Forest reserve, central amazon region, Manaus, Brazil.},
	journal = {Brazilian journal of biology = Revista brasleira de biologia},
	volume = {69},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {363-70},
	abstract = {This study aimed to identify parasitoid species of frugivorous larvae and to describe the tritrophic interactions involving wild fruits, frugivorous insects and their natural enemies at Adolpho Ducke Forest Reserve (RFAD) (Manaus, AM, Brazil). Collections were performed in four 1 km2 quadrants in the corners of the RFAD. The wild fruits were collected inside the forest in access trails leading to each collection area and in trails that surrounded the quadrants, up to five metres from the trail on each side. The fruits were placed in plastic containers covered with thin fabric, with a vermiculite layer on the base to allow the emergence of flies or parasitoids. Seven Braconidae species were collected, distributed among Opiinae: Doryctobracon areolatus (Sz{\'e}pligeti, 1911), Utetes anastrephae (Viereck, 1913), and Opius sp., and Alysiinae: Asobara anastrephae (Muesebeck, 1958), Phaenocarpa pericarpa Wharton and Carrejo, 1999, Idiasta delicata Papp, 1969, and Asobara sp. Parasitism rates by braconids and figitids are presented. Doryctobracon areolatus was the most frequent, parasitizing the highest number of fly species, and showing the highest parasitism percentage in larvae feeding on Micropholis williamii fruits. The collected figitids belong to Aganaspis nordlanderi Wharton, 1998 and A. pelleranoi (Brethes, 1924). All 15 tritrophic associations are new records for the Brazilian Amazon region. The RFAD is an important natural reservoir of frugivorous larvae parasitoids.},
	keywords = {Animals, biodiversity, Brazil, diptera, Diptera: classification, Diptera: parasitology, Fruit, Fruit: classification, Fruit: parasitology, Host-Parasite Interactions, Hymenoptera, Hymenoptera: classification, Hymenoptera: physiology, Larva, Larva: parasitology, Tephritidae, Tephritidae: parasitology},
	author = {Costa, S G M and Querino, R B and Ronchi-Teles, B and Penteado-Dias, A.M.M. and Zucchi, R.A}
}
