@article {525,
	title = {Caste fate conflict in swarm-founding social hymenoptera: an inclusive fitness analysis.},
	journal = {Journal of evolutionary biology},
	volume = {16},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {647-58},
	abstract = {A caste system in which females develop into morphologically distinct queens or workers has evolved independently in ants, wasps and bees. Although such reproductive division of labour may benefit the colony it is also a source of conflict because individual immature females can benefit from developing into a queen in order to gain greater direct reproduction. Here we present a formal inclusive fitness analysis of caste fate conflict appropriate for swarm-founding social Hymenoptera. Three major conclusions are reached: (1) when caste is self-determined, many females should selfishly choose to become queens and the resulting depletion of the workforce can substantially reduce colony productivity; (2) greater relatedness among colony members reduces this excess queen production; (3) if workers can prevent excess queen production at low cost by controlled feeding, a transition to nutritional caste determination should occur. These predictions generalize results derived earlier using an allele-frequency model [Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. (2001) 50: 467] and are supported by observed levels of queen production in various taxa, especially stingless bees, where caste can be either individually or nutritionally controlled.},
	keywords = {Animals, evolution, Feeding Behavior, Female, Hymenoptera, Hymenoptera: genetics, Nutritional Status, Sexual Behavior, Animal, Social Dominance},
	author = {Wenseleers, T and Ratnieks, F L W and Billen, J}
}
@article {529,
	title = {Hierarchical analysis of variation in the mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene among Hymenoptera.},
	journal = {Molecular biology and evolution},
	volume = {15},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {1728-1743},
	abstract = {Nucleotide sequences from a 434-bp region of the 16S rRNA gene were analyzed for 65 taxa of Hymenoptera (ants, bees, wasps, parasitoid wasps, sawflies) to examine the patterns of variation within the gene fragment and the taxonomic levels for which it shows maximum utility in phylogeny estimation. A hierarchical approach was adopted in the study through comparison of levels of sequence variation among taxa at different taxonomic levels. As previously reported for many holometabolous insects, the 16S data reported here for Hymenoptera are highly AT-rich and exhibit strong site-to-site variation in substitution rate. More precise estimates of the shape parameter (alpha) of the gamma distribution and the proportion of invariant sites were obtained in this study by employing a reference phylogeny and utilizing maximum-likelihood estimation. The effectiveness of this approach to recovering expected phylogenies of selected hymenopteran taxa has been tested against the use of maximum parsimony. This study finds that the 16S gene is most informative for phylogenetic analysis at two different levels: among closely related species or populations, and among tribes, subfamilies, and families. Maximization of the phylogenetic signal extracted from the 16S gene at higher taxonomic levels may require consideration of the base composition bias and the site-to-site rate variation in a maximum-likelihood framework.},
	keywords = {16S, 16S: genetics, Animals, Base Sequence, DNA, evolution, Genetic Variation, Hymenoptera, Hymenoptera: classification, Hymenoptera: genetics, Mitochondrial, Mitochondrial: chemistry, Mitochondrial: genetics, Molecular, Molecular Sequence Data, Nucleic Acid Conformation, phylogeny, Ribosomal, Ribosomal: chemistry, Ribosomal: genetics, RNA, Wasps, Wasps: classification, Wasps: genetics},
	author = {Whitfield, J.B. and Cameron, S.A.}
}
@article {441,
	title = {Essay on the evolution of adult-parasitism in the subfamily Euphorinae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Russian Entomological Society, St. Petersburg},
	volume = {75},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {82-95},
	abstract = {The phenomenon of adult-parasitism by the euphorine Braconidae is characterized and dis- cussed. Hypotheses regarding the evolution of adult-parasitism are outlined. It is suggested that adult- parasitism arose from ancestors that were koinobiont larval-larval parasitoids, but never from idiobiosis directly, because koinobionts evolved rapid oviposition behavior necessary as a pre-adaptation for attack- ing mobile adult insects. Adult parasitoids are shown to have a unique combination of koinobiont and idiobiont characteristics. The new terms, imagobiosis and imagophagy, are proposed for characterization of those koinobionts that have specialized for attacking adult insects. The implications of the imagobiont strategy relative to diversity patterns in the tropics are discussed.},
	keywords = {adult-parasitism, Braconidae, Euphorinae, evolution, Hymenoptera, imagobiont, koinobionts},
	author = {Shaw, S.R.}
}
