@article {446,
	title = {Stable structural color patterns displayed on transparent insect wings.},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	volume = {108},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {668-673},
	abstract = {Color patterns play central roles in the behavior of insects, and are important traits for taxonomic studies. Here we report striking and stable structural color patterns--wing interference patterns (WIPs)--in the transparent wings of small Hymenoptera and Diptera, patterns that have been largely overlooked by biologists. These extremely thin wings reflect vivid color patterns caused by thin film interference. The visibility of these patterns is affected by the way the insects display their wings against various backgrounds with different light properties. The specific color sequence displayed lacks pure red and matches the color vision of most insects, strongly suggesting that the biological significance of WIPs lies in visual signaling. Taxon-specific color patterns are formed by uneven membrane thickness, pigmentation, venation, and hair placement. The optically refracted pattern is also stabilized by microstructures of the wing such as membrane corrugations and spherical cell structures that reinforce the pattern and make it essentially noniridescent over a large range of light incidences. WIPs can be applied to map the micromorphology of wings through direct observation and are useful in several fields of biology. We demonstrate their usefulness as identification patterns to solve cases of cryptic species complexes in tiny parasitic wasps, and indicate their potentials for research on the genetic control of wing development through direct links between the transregulatory wing landscape and interference patterns we observe in Drosophila model species. Some species display sexually dimorphic WIPs, suggesting sexual selection as one of the driving forces for their evolution.},
	keywords = {Animal, Animals, biodiversity, Body Patterning, Drosophila, Drosophila: physiology, Electron, Female, Genetic Variation, insects, Male, Microscopy, Pigmentation, Scanning, Sex Factors, Sexual Behavior, Species Specificity, Wing, Wing: metabolism, Wing: physiology},
	author = {Shevtsova, Ekaterina and Hansson, Christer and Janzen, D.H. and Kj{\ae}randsen, Jostein}
}
@article {375,
	title = {Diversity and distribution of Braconidae, a family of parasitoid wasps in the central European peatbogs of South Bohemia, Czech Republic.},
	journal = {Journal of insect science (Online)},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {1-21},
	abstract = {An ecological overview of seven years investigation of Braconidae, a family of parasitoid wasps (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonoidea) and a tyrpho-classification of parasitoids in peatbog areas of South Bohemia, Czech Republic are given. A total of 350 species were recorded in investigated sites, but only five tyrphobionts (1.4\%) are proposed: Microchelonus basalis, Microchelonus koponeni, Coloneura ate, Coloneura danica and Myiocephalus niger. All of these species have a boreal-alpine distribution that, in Central Europe, is associated only with peatbogs. Tyrphophilous behaviour is seen in at least four (1.1\%) species: Microchelonus pedator, Microchelonus subpedator, Microchelonus karadagi and Microchelonus gravenhorstii; however, a number of other braconids prefer peatbogs because they were more frequently encountered within, rather than outside, the bog habitat. The rest of the braconids (342 species, 97.5\%) are tyrphoneutrals, many of them being eurytopic components of various habitats throughout their current ranges. Lists of tyrphobiontic braconids and a brief commentary on species composition, distributional picture of actual ranges, and parasitoid association to bog landscape are provided. Being true refugial habitats for populations in an ever-changing world, peatbogs play a significant role in harboring insect communities.},
	keywords = {Animal, Animals, Behavior, biodiversity, Circadian Rhythm, Czech Republic, Host-Parasite Interactions, lepidoptera, Lepidoptera: parasitology, Wasps, Wasps: physiology, Wetlands},
	author = {Lozan, A.I. and Belokobylskij, S.A. and Achterberg, C. van and Monaghan, M.T.}
}
