@article {508,
	title = {The pristine rain forest? Remnants of historical human impacts on current tree species composition and diversity},
	journal = {Journal of Biogeography},
	volume = {30},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {1381-1390},
	abstract = {Aim Tropical rain forests are often regarded as pristine and undisturbed by humans. In Central Africa, community-wide disturbances by natural causes are rare and therefore current theory predicts that natural gap phase dynamics structure tree species compo- sition and diversity. However, the dominant tree species in many African forests recruit poorly, despite the presence of gaps. To explain this, we studied the disturbance history of a species-rich and structurally complex rain forest. Location Lowland rain forest in Southern Cameroon. Methods We identified the recruitment conditions of trees in different diameter classes in 16 ha of species-rich and structurally complex old growth rain forest. For the identification of recruitment preference we used independent data on the species com- position along a disturbance gradient, ranging from shifting cultivation fields (repre- senting large-scale disturbance), to canopy gaps and old growth forest. Results In nine of sixteen 1-ha forest plots the older trees preferred shifting cultivation fields for recruitment while younger trees preferred gaps and closed forest conditions. This indicates that these nine sites once experienced large-scale disturbances. Three lines of evidence suggest that historical agricultural use is the most likely disturbance factor: (1) size of disturbed and undisturbed patches, (2) distribution of charcoal and (3) his- torical accounts of human population densities. Main conclusions Present-day tree species composition of a structurally complex and species-rich Central African rain forest still echoes historical disturbances, most probably caused by human land use between three to four centuries ago. Human impact on African rain forest is therefore, contrary to common belief, an issue not of the last decades only. Insights in historical use will help to get a more balanced view of the pristine rain forest, acknowledging that the dualism between old growth and secon- dary forest may be less clear than previously thought.},
	keywords = {africa, biodiversity, historical land use, shifting cultivation, tropical rain forest},
	author = {Van Gemerden, Barend S. and Olff, Han and Parren, Marc P.E. and Bongers, Frans}
}
@article {249,
	title = {An{\'a}lise da riqueza da fauna de Braconidae (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonoidea) em remanescentes naturais da {\'A}rea de Prote{\c c}{\~a}o Ambiental (APA) de Descalvado, SP},
	journal = {Revista Brasileira de Entomologia},
	volume = {47},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {89-98},
	publisher = {SciELO Brasil},
	abstract = {Analysis of the Braconidae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonoidea) fauna richness in natural remnants of the {\'A}rea de Prote{\c c}{\~a}o Ambiental (APA) of Descalvado, SP. A survey of the Braconidae fauna on fragmentary natural environments at northeast S{\~a}o Paulo State was conducted using Malaise traps installed in five sites of {\'A}rea de Prote{\c c}{\~a}o Ambiental of Descalvado. A total of 2,262 specimens, representing 22 subfamilies and 94 genera, was sampled throughout a period of sixteen months (from May, 1999 to August, 2000). Biological data were obtained from current literature and behavior patterns of host utilization for the studied fauna, mainly Braconidae which have been successful in control of agricultural insect pests. Statistical analyses indicated that the asymptote of the genera richness has been approached using this sampling method. This is the most complete survey yet available from natural fragmentary areas of the Descalvado Braconidae fauna. Patterns of distribution and richness of the Braconidae genera were established. Cluster Analysis was adopted taking as attribute the number of Braconidae genera.},
	keywords = {biodiversity, Braconidae, Brazil, fragmentary natural environments, parasitoids},
	author = {Cirelli, K.R.N. and Penteado-Dias, A.M.M.}
}
