@inbook {1447,
	title = {Combien y a-t-il d{\textquoteright}esp{\`e}ces de col{\'e}opt{\`e}res en Guyane ? Une premi{\`e}re analyse du r{\'e}f{\'e}rentiel TAXREF},
	booktitle = {Contribution {\`a} l{\textquoteright}{\'e}tude des Col{\'e}opt{\`e}res de Guyane},
	volume = {VIII},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {3-18},
	publisher = {ACOREP-France},
	organization = {ACOREP-France},
	address = {Paris},
	abstract = {This paper analyzes the Coleoptera part of the first global checklist of insects from French Guiana, up to the end of 2013, published online in the French species database TAXREF (http://inpn.mnhn.fr). We describe the level of knowledge by family, the pace of description and compare it with other insect Orders. We also focus on characterizing the patterns in the taxonomical work currently concerning this beetles fauna.
Excluding erroneous or dubious records, 5 830 species of Coleoptera are reported in 1852 genera belonging to 71 families. Currently at least 28\% of the species are only known from French Guiana or from the Guiana shield region. Since Linn{\'e}, the average rate of description has been of 23 species per year, but it has been increasing recently, reaching 84 species on average these last five years. Based on a sample of recent taxonomic and faunistic articles covering 625 added species for French Guiana, 47\% came from new country records and 53\% from the description of new species. The rate of faunistic progress (new species or new records) is of about 150 species per year (84 new species + 66 new country records) during the last five years. More than 65\% of these faunal novelties came from non-professional entomologists and 73\% of the holotypes of new species were collected by amateur entomologists. A rough extrapolation of the potential number of species using two independent methods yields a likely estimate of 28 000 to 29 000 species (overall between 20 000 and 39 000). Therefore, between 70 and 80\% of the species remains to be recorded and, in a best-case scenario, at least 100 years would be needed to achieve a complete biotic survey. Although no family is exhaustively inventoried, the most popular ones are the best studied (Longhorns, Scarabs and Tiger beetles). The most in need of study are the largest families that have fewer taxonomists focusing on them (e.g. Curculionidae, Chrysomelidae and Staphylinidae) and the numerous small families which received no particular attention. These results and the fundamental role played by non-professional entomologists in collecting and describing species are discussed to explain why, unlike the general worldwide trend, there is no decline in beetles taxonomy concerning French Guiana.
},
	keywords = {biodiversity, Coleoptera, descriptive taxonomy, endemism, Fauna, Guiana Shield, Insecta, invasive species, Linnean shortfall, neotropics, Regional checklist, species database, taxonomic diversity, taxonomic effort},
	author = {Touroult, Julien and Boucher, St{\'e}phane and Asenjo, Anjelico and Ballerio, Alberto and Batista dos Santos, Paula and Boilly, Olivier and Chassain, Jacques and Cline, Andrew and Constantin, Robert and Dalens, Pierre-Henri and Degallier, Nicolas and Dheurle, Charles and Erwin, Terry and Feer, Fran{\c c}ois and Fediuk de Castroguedes, Camila and Flechtmann, Carlos and Gonzales, David and Gustafson, Grey T and Herrmann, Andreas and Jameson, Mary-Liz and Leblanc, Pascal and Lohez, Daniel and Mantilleri, Antoine and Massuti de Almeida, Lucia and Moron Rios, Miguel Angel and Paulmier, Ivan and Ponchel, Yannig and Queney, Pierre and Rojkoff, S{\'e}bastien and Rheinheimer, Joachim and Ribeiro Costa, Cibele and Wachtel, Franz and Witt{\'e}, Isabelle and Br{\^u}l{\'e}, St{\'e}phane}
}
@article {1446,
	title = {Insects of French Guiana: a baseline for diversity and taxonomic effort},
	journal = {Zookeys},
	volume = {434},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {111-130},
	abstract = {This paper analyzes the first checklist of insects from French Guiana. Compiled by a group of 70 experts based on published records, it comprises about 15 100 valid species names belonging to 20 orders and 322 families. Currently, about 17\% of the species are only known from French Guiana or from the Guiana Shield region. Since Linn\&eacute;, the average rate of description has been 59 species per year, which has been increasing in the last 10 years. Based on a sample of recent taxonomic and faunistic papers covering 736 new species for French Guiana, 46\% of the species came from new country records, the rest from new species descriptions. The rate of faunistic progress (new species or new records) is about 180 species per year over the last five years. Sixty-five percent of these faunal records came from non-professional entomologists and 74\% of the holotypes of new species were collected by amateur entomologists. A rough extrapolation, using two different methods, provides a likely estimate of around 100 000 species, the most conservative estimate being 67 000 species and the highest 184 000. Therefore, an estimated 80\% of the species remain to be recorded and, in a best-case scenario, at least 270 years would be needed to complete the biotic inventory, at the current rate of species descriptions and distribution records. Although no order is exhaustively inventoried, the most in need of study are Diptera, Hymenoptera, Hemiptera and Trichoptera; and in absolute numbers, Coleoptera. These results and the fundamental role of non-professional entomologists in collecting and describing new species are discussed.
},
	keywords = {Arthropods, biodiversity, endemism, Guiana Shield, Linnean shortfall, neotropics, Regional checklist, species database, taxonomic diversity, taxonomic effort},
	doi = {doi: 10.3897/zookeys.434.7582 },
	url = {http://zookeys.pensoft.net/articles.php?id=3984\&display_type=list\&element_type=9},
	author = {Br{\^u}l{\'e}, St{\'e}phane and Touroult, Julien}
}
@article {552,
	title = {Mission entomologique au Parc National de Pongara (Gabon). Bilan des formicidae (Hymenoptera) r{\'e}colt{\'e}s},
	journal = {Bulletin de la Soci{\'e}t{\'e} royale belge d{\textquoteright}Entomologie},
	volume = {144},
	year = {2008},
	month = {10/2008},
	pages = {157-169},
	abstract = {<p>A four months field survey combining several techniques has been conducted in the coastal zone, the savana, forest and mangrove of PongaraNational Park (Gabon). This inventory has resulted in the collection of 144 ants species (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) belonging to 8 subfamilies. Among them 110 are recorded for the first time in this country. The authors discuss about the results and give several additional informations about the African distribution or litterature available on these sp\&eacute;cies.</p>
},
	keywords = {Ants, biodiversity, gabon, new data},
	author = {Braet, Y. and Brian, T.}
}
@article {531,
	title = {Reared microgastrine wasps (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) from Yanayacu Biological Station and environs (Napo Province, Ecuador): diversity and host specialization.},
	journal = {Journal of insect science (Online)},
	volume = {9},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {1-22},
	abstract = {The microgastrine braconid wasps recovered up through 2007 by the NSF-sponsored rearing project "Caterpillars and Parasitoids of the Eastern Andes in Ecuador" are summarized in terms of their host specialization and faunistic uniqueness. Two hundred fifty eight rearings of caterpillars resulted in records of Microgastrinae, distributed among 14 genera (Apanteles F{\"o}rster, Choeras Mason, Cotesia Cameron, Diolcogaster Ashmead, Distatrix Mason, Dolichogenidea Viereck, Exix Mason, Glyptapanteles Ashmead, Hypomicrogaster Ashmead, Papanteles Mason, Parapanteles Ashmead, Protapanteles Ashmead, Sathon Mason and Venanus Mason). Eleven records of hyperparasitoids of Microgastrinae are also summarized; Mesochorus Gravenhorst (Ichneumonidae) and Perilampidae are both recorded. The results are compared to those recovered by surveys in other parts of the world, especially by the Janzen-Hallwachs survey of the Area de Conservaci{\'o}n Guanacaste (ACG) in Costa Rica. An annotated list of microgastrine genera not yet recorded at Yanayacu, but which we expect to eventually find there based on extrapolation from their known geographic distributions, is provided.},
	keywords = {Animals, biodiversity, ecuador, Host-Parasite Interactions, Host-Parasite Interactions: physiology, lepidoptera, Lepidoptera: parasitology, Species Specificity, Wasps, Wasps: growth \& development, Wasps: physiology},
	author = {Whitfield, J.B. and Rodriguez, J.J. and Masonick, P.K.}
}
@article {519,
	title = {Impact of the Little Fire Ant, Wasmannia auropunctata, on Native Forest Ants in Gabon1},
	journal = {Biotropica},
	volume = {38},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {666-673},
	abstract = {The Neotropical little fire ant, Wasmannia auropunctata, is notorious for its negative impacts on the native biota of tropical islands, such as the Galapagos and New Caledonia, where it has been introduced.Here, I evaluate the impact of exoticW. auropunctata populations on continental Africa. I surveyed ants at nine sites in Lop{\textasciiacute} National Park in Gabon, Central Africa, and found a highly significant correlation between ant diversity and length of infestation byW. auropunctata.Ifoundmany e more native ant species present in areas not infested with W. auropunctata (39.0 {\textpm} 4.6) compared with areas infested by W. auropunctata for approximately 5{\textendash}10 yr (7.0 {\textpm} 6.2 and 1.7 {\textpm} 1.2, respectively). In infested areas, W. auropunctata made up the bulk of specimens collected in every plot. This study demonstrates that the threat posed by W. auropunctata to biodiversity is as serious in continental ecosystems as it is in the more fragile island ecosystems of previous studies. Introductions near waterways are particularly devastating: in Lop{\'e}, the infested territory is most extensive along waterways and occurs in a pattern that strongly suggest moving water facilitates colonization.},
	keywords = {biodiversity, congo basin, equatorial africa, exotic ants, gabon, invasive species, wasmannia auropunctata},
	author = {Walker, Kendra L.}
}
@article {508,
	title = {The pristine rain forest? Remnants of historical human impacts on current tree species composition and diversity},
	journal = {Journal of Biogeography},
	volume = {30},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {1381-1390},
	abstract = {Aim Tropical rain forests are often regarded as pristine and undisturbed by humans. In Central Africa, community-wide disturbances by natural causes are rare and therefore current theory predicts that natural gap phase dynamics structure tree species compo- sition and diversity. However, the dominant tree species in many African forests recruit poorly, despite the presence of gaps. To explain this, we studied the disturbance history of a species-rich and structurally complex rain forest. Location Lowland rain forest in Southern Cameroon. Methods We identified the recruitment conditions of trees in different diameter classes in 16 ha of species-rich and structurally complex old growth rain forest. For the identification of recruitment preference we used independent data on the species com- position along a disturbance gradient, ranging from shifting cultivation fields (repre- senting large-scale disturbance), to canopy gaps and old growth forest. Results In nine of sixteen 1-ha forest plots the older trees preferred shifting cultivation fields for recruitment while younger trees preferred gaps and closed forest conditions. This indicates that these nine sites once experienced large-scale disturbances. Three lines of evidence suggest that historical agricultural use is the most likely disturbance factor: (1) size of disturbed and undisturbed patches, (2) distribution of charcoal and (3) his- torical accounts of human population densities. Main conclusions Present-day tree species composition of a structurally complex and species-rich Central African rain forest still echoes historical disturbances, most probably caused by human land use between three to four centuries ago. Human impact on African rain forest is therefore, contrary to common belief, an issue not of the last decades only. Insights in historical use will help to get a more balanced view of the pristine rain forest, acknowledging that the dualism between old growth and secon- dary forest may be less clear than previously thought.},
	keywords = {africa, biodiversity, historical land use, shifting cultivation, tropical rain forest},
	author = {Van Gemerden, Barend S. and Olff, Han and Parren, Marc P.E. and Bongers, Frans}
}
@article {446,
	title = {Stable structural color patterns displayed on transparent insect wings.},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	volume = {108},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {668-673},
	abstract = {Color patterns play central roles in the behavior of insects, and are important traits for taxonomic studies. Here we report striking and stable structural color patterns--wing interference patterns (WIPs)--in the transparent wings of small Hymenoptera and Diptera, patterns that have been largely overlooked by biologists. These extremely thin wings reflect vivid color patterns caused by thin film interference. The visibility of these patterns is affected by the way the insects display their wings against various backgrounds with different light properties. The specific color sequence displayed lacks pure red and matches the color vision of most insects, strongly suggesting that the biological significance of WIPs lies in visual signaling. Taxon-specific color patterns are formed by uneven membrane thickness, pigmentation, venation, and hair placement. The optically refracted pattern is also stabilized by microstructures of the wing such as membrane corrugations and spherical cell structures that reinforce the pattern and make it essentially noniridescent over a large range of light incidences. WIPs can be applied to map the micromorphology of wings through direct observation and are useful in several fields of biology. We demonstrate their usefulness as identification patterns to solve cases of cryptic species complexes in tiny parasitic wasps, and indicate their potentials for research on the genetic control of wing development through direct links between the transregulatory wing landscape and interference patterns we observe in Drosophila model species. Some species display sexually dimorphic WIPs, suggesting sexual selection as one of the driving forces for their evolution.},
	keywords = {Animal, Animals, biodiversity, Body Patterning, Drosophila, Drosophila: physiology, Electron, Female, Genetic Variation, insects, Male, Microscopy, Pigmentation, Scanning, Sex Factors, Sexual Behavior, Species Specificity, Wing, Wing: metabolism, Wing: physiology},
	author = {Shevtsova, Ekaterina and Hansson, Christer and Janzen, D.H. and Kj{\ae}randsen, Jostein}
}
@article {450,
	title = {Notes on the genus Mama Belokobylskij (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Euphorinae), and on the use of monotype taxa},
	journal = {Zoologische Mededelingen},
	volume = {78},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {451-459},
	abstract = {The genus Mama Belokobylskij, 2000 (Braconidae; Euphorinae) is re-assessed and the type species is compared with three similar species: Microctonus cephalicus Provancher, 1886, Microctonus reclinator Ruthe, 1856, and Euphorus spiniscapus Muesebeck, 1936. The results are discussed in relation to the use of taxa based on one specimen ({\textquotedblleft}monotype taxa{\textquotedblright}). Problems concerning our knowledge of important groups of Euphorinae are outlined. The context of the peculiarly tangled taxonomical situation, which this paper deals with, is considered to be widespread in parasitoid taxonomy, and should be borne in mind in current studies of parasitoid biodiversity assessment.},
	keywords = {biodiversity, Euphorus spiniscapusMuesebeck, Mama Belokobylskij, Microctonus cephalicus Provancher, Microctonus reclinator Ruthe, monotype taxa, monotypic genera},
	author = {Simbolotti, G. and Villemant, C. and Achterberg, C. van}
}
@article {452,
	title = {Extreme diversity of tropical parasitoid wasps exposed by iterative integration of natural history, DNA barcoding, morphology, and collections.},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	volume = {105},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {12359-12364},
	abstract = {We DNA barcoded 2,597 parasitoid wasps belonging to 6 microgastrine braconid genera reared from parapatric tropical dry forest, cloud forest, and rain forest in Area de Conservaci{\'o}n Guanacaste (ACG) in northwestern Costa Rica and combined these data with records of caterpillar hosts and morphological analyses. We asked whether barcoding and morphology discover the same provisional species and whether the biological entities revealed by our analysis are congruent with wasp host specificity. Morphological analysis revealed 171 provisional species, but barcoding exposed an additional 142 provisional species; 95\% of the total is likely to be undescribed. These 313 provisional species are extraordinarily host specific; more than 90\% attack only 1 or 2 species of caterpillars out of more than 3,500 species sampled. The most extreme case of overlooked diversity is the morphospecies Apanteles leucostigmus. This minute black wasp with a distinctive white wing stigma was thought to parasitize 32 species of ACG hesperiid caterpillars, but barcoding revealed 36 provisional species, each attacking one or a very few closely related species of caterpillars. When host records and/or within-ACG distributions suggested that DNA barcoding had missed a species-pair, or when provisional species were separated only by slight differences in their barcodes, we examined nuclear sequences to test hypotheses of presumptive species boundaries and to further probe host specificity. Our iterative process of combining morphological analysis, ecology, and DNA barcoding and reiteratively using specimens maintained in permanent collections has resulted in a much more fine-scaled understanding of parasitoid diversity and host specificity than any one of these elements could have produced on its own.},
	keywords = {Animals, Automatic Data Processing, biodiversity, Costa Rica, Data Collection, Data Collection: methods, DNA, Genes, Host-Parasite Interactions, Insect, lepidoptera, Lepidoptera: parasitology, Molecular Sequence Data, Morphogenesis, Natural History, Parasites, Wasps, Wasps: classification, Wasps: genetics},
	author = {Smith, M Alex and Rodriguez, J.J. and Whitfield, J.B. and Deans, A.R. and Janzen, D.H. and Hallwachs, Winnie and Hebert, Paul D N}
}
@article {453,
	title = {Aphid parasitoids sampled by Malaise traps in the national parks of Thailand (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Aphidiinae)},
	journal = {Thai Journal of Agricultural Science},
	volume = {41},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {37-43},
	abstract = {Aphidiine parasitoids of aphids sampled by Malaise traps in different Thailand are reviewed and some faunal relationships environments in are discussed. A new species, Areopraon thailandicum is described and Aphidius autriquei Star{\'y}, known previously only from central Africa, is reported from Thailand for the first time},
	keywords = {Aphids, biodiversity, national parks, parasitoids, thailand},
	author = {Star{\'y}, P. and Sharkey, M.J. and Hutacharern, C.}
}
@article {388,
	title = {Rapid Assessment Program. 2008. Biodiversity in the Konashen Community-Owned Conservation Area, Guyana.},
	journal = {Conservation International},
	year = {2008},
	keywords = {Aaro, Amaci, Ancistrus lithurgicus, Ants, Ara macao, Armored catfish, Atta spp., Aymara, Bearded catfish, Bertholletia spp., biodiversity, Biting flies, Black Curassow, Blue poison arrow frog, Bradypus tridactylus, Brazil nut trees, Brown capuchin monkeys, Buprestidae, Capuchin, Cebus apella), Cock of the Rock, community-owned conservation area, Conservation International, Dendrobates azureus, Dung beetles, Eschweilera spp., Euterpe oleraceae, Giant anteater, Giant river otter, Goliath bird-eating spider, Guyana, Haimara, Harlequin racerunners, Hoplias aimara, Jewel beetles, katydids, Kepetu, Leaf katydid, Leafcutter ants, Morpho butterflies, Myrmecophaga tridactyla, Peacock katydid, Peewu, Phyllomedusa tomopterna, RAP, Rapid Assessment Program, Rupicola rupicola, Saimiri sciureus, Scarabeidae, species, squirrel monkey, Theraphosa blondi, Yellow-footed tortoises},
	author = {Mccullough, Editors Jennifer and Naskrecki, Piotr}
}
@article {375,
	title = {Diversity and distribution of Braconidae, a family of parasitoid wasps in the central European peatbogs of South Bohemia, Czech Republic.},
	journal = {Journal of insect science (Online)},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {1-21},
	abstract = {An ecological overview of seven years investigation of Braconidae, a family of parasitoid wasps (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonoidea) and a tyrpho-classification of parasitoids in peatbog areas of South Bohemia, Czech Republic are given. A total of 350 species were recorded in investigated sites, but only five tyrphobionts (1.4\%) are proposed: Microchelonus basalis, Microchelonus koponeni, Coloneura ate, Coloneura danica and Myiocephalus niger. All of these species have a boreal-alpine distribution that, in Central Europe, is associated only with peatbogs. Tyrphophilous behaviour is seen in at least four (1.1\%) species: Microchelonus pedator, Microchelonus subpedator, Microchelonus karadagi and Microchelonus gravenhorstii; however, a number of other braconids prefer peatbogs because they were more frequently encountered within, rather than outside, the bog habitat. The rest of the braconids (342 species, 97.5\%) are tyrphoneutrals, many of them being eurytopic components of various habitats throughout their current ranges. Lists of tyrphobiontic braconids and a brief commentary on species composition, distributional picture of actual ranges, and parasitoid association to bog landscape are provided. Being true refugial habitats for populations in an ever-changing world, peatbogs play a significant role in harboring insect communities.},
	keywords = {Animal, Animals, Behavior, biodiversity, Circadian Rhythm, Czech Republic, Host-Parasite Interactions, lepidoptera, Lepidoptera: parasitology, Wasps, Wasps: physiology, Wetlands},
	author = {Lozan, A.I. and Belokobylskij, S.A. and Achterberg, C. van and Monaghan, M.T.}
}
@article {366,
	title = {Braconid wasp (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) diversity in forest plots under different silvicultural methods},
	journal = {Environmental Entomology},
	volume = {28},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {986-997},
	publisher = {Entomological Society of America},
	abstract = {Braconid wasps were used as an indicator group to test the hypothesis that the degree of disturbance in silvicultural treatments willchangethe totalabundanceandcomposition of species. Wasps were collected with Malaise traps on undisturbed (control), moderately disturbed (pine single-tree selection) and highly disturbed (pine-hardwood seed-tree) research plots of the USDA Forest Service in the Ouachita National Forest of Western Arkansas. We used 3 measures of wasp diversity: (1) numbers of individuals and numbers of species, (2) estimated total species richness and abundance, and (3) observed and estimated complementarity (proportions of species shared or not shared) among treatment types. In all, 1,300 wasps were collected, representing 23 subfamilies, 84genera,and251morphospecies.Rawnumbersof individualsandspeciessuggestedlittle difference among treatments. Total species richness estimates projected that the disturbed treatments have twice the number of species as the undisturbed. However, measures of complementarity revealed strongly different species complexes between treatments: undisturbed and highly disturbed treat- ments had just24\%of their species incommon,whereas moderately and highly disturbed treatments shared 42\%. Thus, some species in undisturbed forests are lost after disturbance, even though actual diversity appears to increase. Braconid wasps show promise as sensitive indicators of faunal changes during disturbance. These changes are best perceived through species comparisons between treat- ments when patterns of relative abundance and faunal complementarity are incorporated},
	keywords = {biodiversity, Braconidae, complementarity, forest management, species richness},
	author = {Lewis, C.N. and Whitfield, J.B.}
}
@article {351,
	title = {Testing the Value of Six Taxonomic Groups as Biodiversity Indicators at a Local Scale},
	journal = {Conservation Biology},
	volume = {18},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {667-675},
	abstract = {We examined six groups of taxa{\textemdash}woody plants, aquatic and terrestrial herpetofauna, small ter- restrial birds, orchids, and Orthoptera{\textemdash}to determine their efficiency as biodiversity indicators in the Dadia Reserve in northern Greece. We investigated the indicator value of each group by examining the degree of congruence of its species-richness pattern with that of the other groups and the efficiency of its complementary network in conserving the other groups and biodiversity. The two techniques differed in many respects in their outputs, but they both showedwoody plants as the best biodiversity indicator. Therewas in general lowcongru- ence in the species richness patterns across the different groups. Significant relationships were found between woody plants and birds, Orthoptera and terrestrial herpetofauna, and birds and aquatic herpetofauna. None of the optimal complementary networks of the groups we examined protected all species of the other groups. Nevertheless, the complementary network of woody plants adequately conserved all groups except orchids. We conclude that the principle of complementarity must be integrated into the methodology of evaluating an indicator. In an applied context, our results provide a scientific background on which to base a biomon- itoring program for the Dadia Reserve. In a wider scope, if the group of woody plants prove an adequate biodiversity indicator for other Mediterranean areas as well, this will be important because it will facilitate conservation-related decisions for the entire Mediterranean region.},
	keywords = {biodiversity, biomonitoring, indicators, Mediterranean, reserve},
	author = {Kati, V. and Devillers, P. and Dufr{\^e}ne, M. and Legakis, A. and Vokou, D. and Lebrun, P.}
}
@article {329,
	title = {Quantifying biodiversity: procedures and pitfalls in the measurement and comparison of species richness},
	journal = {Ecology Letters},
	volume = {590},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {1-391},
	keywords = {accumulation curves, asymptotic richness, biodiversity, category, rarefaction, richness estimation, species density, species richness, taxon sampling, taxonomic ratios},
	author = {Gotelli, Nicholas J.}
}
@article {310,
	title = {Gender identification of five genera of stingless bees (Apidae, Meliponini) based on wing morphology.},
	journal = {Genetics and molecular research : GMR},
	volume = {8},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {207-14},
	abstract = {Currently, the identification of pollinators is a critical necessity of conservation programs. After it was found that features extracted from patterns of wing venation are sufficient to discriminate among insect species, various studies have focused on this structure. We examined wing venation patterns of males and workers of five stingless bee species in order to determine if there are differences between sexes and if these differences are greater within than between species. Geometric morphometric analyses were made of the forewings of males and workers of Nannotrigona testaceicornis, Melipona quadrifasciata, Frieseomelitta varia, and Scaptotrigona aff. depilis and Plebeia remota. The patterns of males and workers from the same species were more similar than the patterns of individuals of the same sex from different species, and the patterns of both males and workers, when analyzed alone, were sufficiently different to distinguish among these five species. This demonstrates that we can use this kind of analysis for the identification of stingless bee species and that the sex of the individual does not impede identification. Computer-assisted morphometric analysis of bee wing images can be a useful tool for biodiversity studies and conservation programs.},
	keywords = {Animals, Bees, Bees: anatomy \& histology, Bees: classification, biodiversity, Male, Sex Characteristics, Wing, Wing: anatomy \& histology},
	author = {Francoy, T M and Silva, R.A.O. and Nunes-Silva, P and Menezes, C and Imperatriz-Fonseca, V L}
}
@article {249,
	title = {An{\'a}lise da riqueza da fauna de Braconidae (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonoidea) em remanescentes naturais da {\'A}rea de Prote{\c c}{\~a}o Ambiental (APA) de Descalvado, SP},
	journal = {Revista Brasileira de Entomologia},
	volume = {47},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {89-98},
	publisher = {SciELO Brasil},
	abstract = {Analysis of the Braconidae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonoidea) fauna richness in natural remnants of the {\'A}rea de Prote{\c c}{\~a}o Ambiental (APA) of Descalvado, SP. A survey of the Braconidae fauna on fragmentary natural environments at northeast S{\~a}o Paulo State was conducted using Malaise traps installed in five sites of {\'A}rea de Prote{\c c}{\~a}o Ambiental of Descalvado. A total of 2,262 specimens, representing 22 subfamilies and 94 genera, was sampled throughout a period of sixteen months (from May, 1999 to August, 2000). Biological data were obtained from current literature and behavior patterns of host utilization for the studied fauna, mainly Braconidae which have been successful in control of agricultural insect pests. Statistical analyses indicated that the asymptote of the genera richness has been approached using this sampling method. This is the most complete survey yet available from natural fragmentary areas of the Descalvado Braconidae fauna. Patterns of distribution and richness of the Braconidae genera were established. Cluster Analysis was adopted taking as attribute the number of Braconidae genera.},
	keywords = {biodiversity, Braconidae, Brazil, fragmentary natural environments, parasitoids},
	author = {Cirelli, K.R.N. and Penteado-Dias, A.M.M.}
}
@article {258,
	title = {Parasitoid diversity (Hymenoptera: Braconidae and Figitidae) on frugivorous larvae (Diptera: Tephritidae and Lonchaeidae) at Adolpho Ducke Forest reserve, central amazon region, Manaus, Brazil.},
	journal = {Brazilian journal of biology = Revista brasleira de biologia},
	volume = {69},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {363-70},
	abstract = {This study aimed to identify parasitoid species of frugivorous larvae and to describe the tritrophic interactions involving wild fruits, frugivorous insects and their natural enemies at Adolpho Ducke Forest Reserve (RFAD) (Manaus, AM, Brazil). Collections were performed in four 1 km2 quadrants in the corners of the RFAD. The wild fruits were collected inside the forest in access trails leading to each collection area and in trails that surrounded the quadrants, up to five metres from the trail on each side. The fruits were placed in plastic containers covered with thin fabric, with a vermiculite layer on the base to allow the emergence of flies or parasitoids. Seven Braconidae species were collected, distributed among Opiinae: Doryctobracon areolatus (Sz{\'e}pligeti, 1911), Utetes anastrephae (Viereck, 1913), and Opius sp., and Alysiinae: Asobara anastrephae (Muesebeck, 1958), Phaenocarpa pericarpa Wharton and Carrejo, 1999, Idiasta delicata Papp, 1969, and Asobara sp. Parasitism rates by braconids and figitids are presented. Doryctobracon areolatus was the most frequent, parasitizing the highest number of fly species, and showing the highest parasitism percentage in larvae feeding on Micropholis williamii fruits. The collected figitids belong to Aganaspis nordlanderi Wharton, 1998 and A. pelleranoi (Brethes, 1924). All 15 tritrophic associations are new records for the Brazilian Amazon region. The RFAD is an important natural reservoir of frugivorous larvae parasitoids.},
	keywords = {Animals, biodiversity, Brazil, diptera, Diptera: classification, Diptera: parasitology, Fruit, Fruit: classification, Fruit: parasitology, Host-Parasite Interactions, Hymenoptera, Hymenoptera: classification, Hymenoptera: physiology, Larva, Larva: parasitology, Tephritidae, Tephritidae: parasitology},
	author = {Costa, S G M and Querino, R B and Ronchi-Teles, B and Penteado-Dias, A.M.M. and Zucchi, R.A}
}
@article {178,
	title = {Cryptic species as a window on diversity and conservation.},
	journal = {Trends in ecology \& evolution},
	volume = {22},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {148-55},
	abstract = {The taxonomic challenge posed by cryptic species (two or more distinct species classified as a single species) has been recognized for nearly 300 years, but the advent of relatively inexpensive and rapid DNA sequencing has given biologists a new tool for detecting and differentiating morphologically similar species. Here, we synthesize the literature on cryptic and sibling species and discuss trends in their discovery. However, a lack of systematic studies leaves many questions open, such as whether cryptic species are more common in particular habitats, latitudes or taxonomic groups. The discovery of cryptic species is likely to be non-random with regard to taxon and biome and, hence, could have profound implications for evolutionary theory, biogeography and conservation planning.},
	keywords = {Adaptation, Biological, Adaptation, Biological: genetics, Animals, biodiversity, Biological Evolution, Conservation of Natural Resources, Ecology, Ecosystem, Genetic Variation, Geography, phylogeny, RNA Splice Sites, Sequence Analysis, DNA, Species Specificity},
	author = {Bickford, David and Lohman, David J and Sodhi, Navjot S and Ng, P.K.L. and Meier, Rudolf and Winker, Kevin and Ingram, Krista K and Das, Indraneil}
}
@article {157,
	title = {Estimating global biodiversity: tropical beetles and wasps send different signals},
	journal = {Ecological Entomology},
	volume = {24},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {118-121},
	keywords = {beta diversity, biodiversity, parasitoids, pimplinae},
	author = {Bartlett, R. and Pickering, J. and Gauld, I.D. and Windsor, D.}
}
