@article {540,
	title = {Evolution of the parasitic wasp subfamily Rogadinae (Braconidae): phylogeny and evolution of lepidopteran host ranges and mummy characteristics.},
	journal = {BMC evolutionary biology},
	volume = {8},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {329},
	abstract = {The braconid subfamily Rogadinae is a large, cosmopolitan group of endoparasitoid wasps characterised by {\textquoteright}mummifying{\textquoteright} their lepidopteran host larvae, from which the adult subsequently emerges. Rogadines attack a variety of both macro- and microlepidopteran taxa, although the speciose genus Aleiodes almost exclusively attacks macrolepidopterans. Here, we investigate the phylogenetic history of the Rogadinae, revise their higher-level classification and assess the evolution of their host ranges and mummy types. We also assess the divergence times within the subfamily and discuss the reasons for the extraordinary evolutionary diversification of Aleiodes.},
	keywords = {28S, 28S: genetics, Animals, Biological Evolution, Electron Transport Complex IV, Electron Transport Complex IV: genetics, Genetic Speciation, lepidoptera, Lepidoptera: parasitology, phylogeny, Ribosomal, RNA, Species Specificity, Wasps, Wasps: classification, Wasps: genetics},
	author = {Zaldivar-River{\'o}n, A. and Shaw, M.R. and S{\'a}ez, Al.G. and Mori, M. and Belokobylskij, S.A. and Shaw, S.R. and Quicke, D.L.J.}
}
@article {538,
	title = {DNA barcoding a highly diverse group of parasitoid wasps (Braconidae: Doryctinae) from a Mexican nature reserve.},
	journal = {Mitochondrial DNA},
	volume = {21 Suppl 1},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {18-23},
	abstract = {The preliminary results of a DNA barcoding study of the doryctine fauna of parasitoid wasps from the Chamela-Cuixmala Biosphere Reserve in Mexico, a region dominated by tropical dry forest, are presented. So far, three field trips have been carried out to the reserve and 468 specimens have been collected, of which 407 cox1 sequences were obtained.},
	keywords = {Animals, DNA, DNA Barcoding, Ecosystem, evolution, Genes, Insect, Mexico, Mitochondrial, Mitochondrial: genetics, Molecular, Molecular Sequence Data, phylogeny, Species Specificity, Taxonomic, Wasps, Wasps: anatomy \& histology, Wasps: classification, Wasps: genetics, Wasps: pathogenicity},
	author = {Zaldivar-River{\'o}n, A. and Mart{\'\i}nez, J.J. and Ceccarelli, F.S. and DE JES{\'U}S-BONILLA, V.S. and Rodr{\'\i}guez-P{\'e}rez, A.C. and Res{\'e}ndiz-Flores, A. and Smith, M.A.}
}
@article {529,
	title = {Hierarchical analysis of variation in the mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene among Hymenoptera.},
	journal = {Molecular biology and evolution},
	volume = {15},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {1728-1743},
	abstract = {Nucleotide sequences from a 434-bp region of the 16S rRNA gene were analyzed for 65 taxa of Hymenoptera (ants, bees, wasps, parasitoid wasps, sawflies) to examine the patterns of variation within the gene fragment and the taxonomic levels for which it shows maximum utility in phylogeny estimation. A hierarchical approach was adopted in the study through comparison of levels of sequence variation among taxa at different taxonomic levels. As previously reported for many holometabolous insects, the 16S data reported here for Hymenoptera are highly AT-rich and exhibit strong site-to-site variation in substitution rate. More precise estimates of the shape parameter (alpha) of the gamma distribution and the proportion of invariant sites were obtained in this study by employing a reference phylogeny and utilizing maximum-likelihood estimation. The effectiveness of this approach to recovering expected phylogenies of selected hymenopteran taxa has been tested against the use of maximum parsimony. This study finds that the 16S gene is most informative for phylogenetic analysis at two different levels: among closely related species or populations, and among tribes, subfamilies, and families. Maximization of the phylogenetic signal extracted from the 16S gene at higher taxonomic levels may require consideration of the base composition bias and the site-to-site rate variation in a maximum-likelihood framework.},
	keywords = {16S, 16S: genetics, Animals, Base Sequence, DNA, evolution, Genetic Variation, Hymenoptera, Hymenoptera: classification, Hymenoptera: genetics, Mitochondrial, Mitochondrial: chemistry, Mitochondrial: genetics, Molecular, Molecular Sequence Data, Nucleic Acid Conformation, phylogeny, Ribosomal, Ribosomal: chemistry, Ribosomal: genetics, RNA, Wasps, Wasps: classification, Wasps: genetics},
	author = {Whitfield, J.B. and Cameron, S.A.}
}
@article {531,
	title = {Reared microgastrine wasps (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) from Yanayacu Biological Station and environs (Napo Province, Ecuador): diversity and host specialization.},
	journal = {Journal of insect science (Online)},
	volume = {9},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {1-22},
	abstract = {The microgastrine braconid wasps recovered up through 2007 by the NSF-sponsored rearing project "Caterpillars and Parasitoids of the Eastern Andes in Ecuador" are summarized in terms of their host specialization and faunistic uniqueness. Two hundred fifty eight rearings of caterpillars resulted in records of Microgastrinae, distributed among 14 genera (Apanteles F{\"o}rster, Choeras Mason, Cotesia Cameron, Diolcogaster Ashmead, Distatrix Mason, Dolichogenidea Viereck, Exix Mason, Glyptapanteles Ashmead, Hypomicrogaster Ashmead, Papanteles Mason, Parapanteles Ashmead, Protapanteles Ashmead, Sathon Mason and Venanus Mason). Eleven records of hyperparasitoids of Microgastrinae are also summarized; Mesochorus Gravenhorst (Ichneumonidae) and Perilampidae are both recorded. The results are compared to those recovered by surveys in other parts of the world, especially by the Janzen-Hallwachs survey of the Area de Conservaci{\'o}n Guanacaste (ACG) in Costa Rica. An annotated list of microgastrine genera not yet recorded at Yanayacu, but which we expect to eventually find there based on extrapolation from their known geographic distributions, is provided.},
	keywords = {Animals, biodiversity, ecuador, Host-Parasite Interactions, Host-Parasite Interactions: physiology, lepidoptera, Lepidoptera: parasitology, Species Specificity, Wasps, Wasps: growth \& development, Wasps: physiology},
	author = {Whitfield, J.B. and Rodriguez, J.J. and Masonick, P.K.}
}
@article {452,
	title = {Extreme diversity of tropical parasitoid wasps exposed by iterative integration of natural history, DNA barcoding, morphology, and collections.},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	volume = {105},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {12359-12364},
	abstract = {We DNA barcoded 2,597 parasitoid wasps belonging to 6 microgastrine braconid genera reared from parapatric tropical dry forest, cloud forest, and rain forest in Area de Conservaci{\'o}n Guanacaste (ACG) in northwestern Costa Rica and combined these data with records of caterpillar hosts and morphological analyses. We asked whether barcoding and morphology discover the same provisional species and whether the biological entities revealed by our analysis are congruent with wasp host specificity. Morphological analysis revealed 171 provisional species, but barcoding exposed an additional 142 provisional species; 95\% of the total is likely to be undescribed. These 313 provisional species are extraordinarily host specific; more than 90\% attack only 1 or 2 species of caterpillars out of more than 3,500 species sampled. The most extreme case of overlooked diversity is the morphospecies Apanteles leucostigmus. This minute black wasp with a distinctive white wing stigma was thought to parasitize 32 species of ACG hesperiid caterpillars, but barcoding revealed 36 provisional species, each attacking one or a very few closely related species of caterpillars. When host records and/or within-ACG distributions suggested that DNA barcoding had missed a species-pair, or when provisional species were separated only by slight differences in their barcodes, we examined nuclear sequences to test hypotheses of presumptive species boundaries and to further probe host specificity. Our iterative process of combining morphological analysis, ecology, and DNA barcoding and reiteratively using specimens maintained in permanent collections has resulted in a much more fine-scaled understanding of parasitoid diversity and host specificity than any one of these elements could have produced on its own.},
	keywords = {Animals, Automatic Data Processing, biodiversity, Costa Rica, Data Collection, Data Collection: methods, DNA, Genes, Host-Parasite Interactions, Insect, lepidoptera, Lepidoptera: parasitology, Molecular Sequence Data, Morphogenesis, Natural History, Parasites, Wasps, Wasps: classification, Wasps: genetics},
	author = {Smith, M Alex and Rodriguez, J.J. and Whitfield, J.B. and Deans, A.R. and Janzen, D.H. and Hallwachs, Winnie and Hebert, Paul D N}
}
@article {457,
	title = {Sequential rapid adaptation of indigenous parasitoid wasps to the invasive butterfly Pieris brassicae.},
	journal = {Evolution; international journal of organic evolution},
	volume = {61},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {1791-802},
	publisher = {BioOne},
	abstract = {The introduction of a new species can change the characteristics of other species within a community. These changes may affect discontiguous trophic levels via adjacent trophic levels. The invasion of an exotic host species may provide the opportunity to observe the dynamics of changing interspecific interactions among parasitoids belonging to different trophic levels. The exotic large white butterfly Pieris brassicae invaded Hokkaido Island, Japan, and quickly spread throughout the island. Prior to the invasion, the small white butterfly P. rapae was the host of the primary parasitoid Cotesia glomerata, on which both the larval hyperparasitoid Baryscapus galactopus and the pupal hyperparasitoid Trichomalopsis apanteroctena depended. At the time of the invasion, C. glomerata generally laid eggs exclusively in P. rapae. During the five years following the invasion, however, the clutch size of C. glomerata in P. rapae gradually decreased, whereas the clutch size in P. brassicae increased. The field results corresponded well with laboratory experiments showing an increase in the rate of parasitism in P. brassicae. The host expansion of C. glomerata provided the two hyperparasitoids with an opportunity to choose between alternative hosts, that is, C. glomerata within P. brassicae and C. glomerata within P. rapae. Indeed, the pupal hyperparasitoid T. apanteroctena shifted its preference gradually to C. glomerata in P. brassicae, whereas the larval hyperparasitoid B. galactopus maintained a preference for C. glomerata in P. rapae. These changes in host preference may result from differential suitability of the two host types. The larval hyperparasitoid preferred C. glomerata within P. rapae to C. glomerata within P. brassicae, presumably because P. brassicae larvae attacked aggressively, thereby hindering the parasitization, whereas the pupal hyperparasitoid could take advantage of the competition-free resource by shifting its host preference. Consequently, the invasion of P. brassicae has changed the host use of the primary parasitoid C. glomerata and the pupal hyperparasitoid T. apanteroctena within a very short time.},
	keywords = {Adaptation, Animals, Biological, Biological Evolution, Butterflies, Butterflies: parasitology, Clutch Size, Clutch Size: physiology, Ecosystem, Female, Host-Parasite Interactions, Host-Parasite Interactions: physiology, japan, Larva, Larva: parasitology, Time Factors, Wasps, Wasps: physiology},
	author = {Tanaka, Shingo and Nishida, Takayoshi and Ohsaki, Naota}
}
@article {427,
	title = {Molecular analysis of parasitoid linkages (MAPL): gut contents of adult parasitoid wasps reveal larval host.},
	journal = {Molecular ecology},
	volume = {20},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {179-186},
	abstract = {Metamorphosing insects often have complex and poorly known life histories. In particular, what they feed on during their larval stages remains unknown for the vast majority of species, and its documentation only results from difficult and time-intensive field observations, rearing or dissections. Through the application of a DNA analysis of gut contents in adult parasitoid wasps, we were able to selectively sequence a diagnostic DNA marker that permitted the identification of the host used by these wasps during their larval stages. By reproducing these results in species with different life histories, we excluded other potential sources of host DNA, confirming that after ingestion by the parasitoid larva the host DNA can persist through metamorphosis in the abdominal contents of the adult wasp. Our discovery considerably extends the applicability of molecular analysis of gut contents by enabling the documentation of food used by insects during their larval stages and thus increasing the accuracy and precision of food web studies. The 24\% success rate of our approach is surprisingly high considering the challenging context for host DNA preservation, and we discuss the factors possibly affecting this rate. We propose molecular analysis of parasitoid linkages (MAPL) as a new method to document host-parasitoid associations at a faster pace and with unrivalled precision. Because of the key regulatory role of parasitoid wasps in ecosystems, which makes them the most commonly used biological control agents, MAPL will have immediate applications in both basic and applied biological sciences.},
	keywords = {Animals, Biological, Food Chain, Host-Parasite Interactions, Larva, Larva: physiology, lepidoptera, Lepidoptera: genetics, Lepidoptera: parasitology, Lepidoptera: physiology, Pest Control, phylogeny, Wasps, Wasps: physiology},
	author = {Rougerie, Rodolphe and Smith, M Alex and Fernandez-Triana, J.L. and Lopez-Vaamonde, Carlos and Ratnasingham, Sujeevan and Hebert, Paul D N}
}
@article {389,
	title = {Methods for rearing Syngaster lepidus and Jarra phoracantha (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), larval parasitoids of the phloem-colonizing longhorned beetles Phoracantha semipunctata and P. recurva (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae).},
	journal = {Bulletin of entomological research},
	volume = {92},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {141-146},
	abstract = {Two species of cerambycid beetles that attack eucalypts, Phoracantha semipunctata (Fabricius) and P. recurva Newman, have been accidentally introduced from Australia into most regions of the world in which their hosts have been planted. The beetles cause extensive mortality in plantations and landscape plantings of the trees. Management programmes have focused on integration of silvicultural practices, host plant resistance and biological control. To rear and release natural enemies of the larval stages of the beetles in California, mass rearing protocols for continuous production of two species of parasitoids have been developed. The methods described represent the first long-term and large-scale techniques for mass rearing parasitoids of any wood-boring cerambycid species. In addition to providing large numbers of parasitoids for releases, the mass rearing effort has also provided large numbers of parasitoids for fundamental studies of their biology and behaviour.},
	keywords = {Animals, Beetles, Beetles: parasitology, Biological, Biological: methods, Larva, Larva: parasitology, Pest Control, Wasps, Wasps: growth \& development, Wasps: physiology},
	author = {Millar, J G and Paine, T D and Campbell, C D and Hanks, L M}
}
@article {380,
	title = {Gnathopleura quadridentata Wharton, 1986 (Hymenoptera; Braconidae; Alysiinae) and their hosts collected in different substrates in Caldas Novas, Goi{\'a}s.},
	journal = {Brazilian journal of biology = Revista brasleira de biologia},
	volume = {67},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {101-3},
	keywords = {Animals, Brazil, Cattle, Chickens, diptera, Diptera: classification, Diptera: parasitology, Fishes, Host-Parasite Interactions, Humans, Wasps, Wasps: classification, Wasps: physiology},
	author = {Marchiori, C.H.}
}
@article {368,
	title = {First record of Schizopyga Gravenhorst (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae, Pimplinae) from Brazil and a description of a new species.},
	journal = {Brazilian journal of biology = Revista brasleira de biologia},
	volume = {68},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {457-8},
	keywords = {Animals, Brazil, Female, Wasps, Wasps: anatomy \& histology, Wasps: classification},
	author = {Loffredo, A.P.S. and Penteado-Dias, A.M.M.}
}
@article {369,
	title = {First record of Ticapimpla vilmae Gauld, 1991 (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae, Pimplinae) from Brazil.},
	journal = {Brazilian journal of biology = Revista brasleira de biologia},
	volume = {68},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {911},
	keywords = {Animals, Brazil, Wasps, Wasps: classification},
	author = {Loffredo, A.P.S. and Penteado-Dias, A.M.M.}
}
@article {375,
	title = {Diversity and distribution of Braconidae, a family of parasitoid wasps in the central European peatbogs of South Bohemia, Czech Republic.},
	journal = {Journal of insect science (Online)},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {1-21},
	abstract = {An ecological overview of seven years investigation of Braconidae, a family of parasitoid wasps (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonoidea) and a tyrpho-classification of parasitoids in peatbog areas of South Bohemia, Czech Republic are given. A total of 350 species were recorded in investigated sites, but only five tyrphobionts (1.4\%) are proposed: Microchelonus basalis, Microchelonus koponeni, Coloneura ate, Coloneura danica and Myiocephalus niger. All of these species have a boreal-alpine distribution that, in Central Europe, is associated only with peatbogs. Tyrphophilous behaviour is seen in at least four (1.1\%) species: Microchelonus pedator, Microchelonus subpedator, Microchelonus karadagi and Microchelonus gravenhorstii; however, a number of other braconids prefer peatbogs because they were more frequently encountered within, rather than outside, the bog habitat. The rest of the braconids (342 species, 97.5\%) are tyrphoneutrals, many of them being eurytopic components of various habitats throughout their current ranges. Lists of tyrphobiontic braconids and a brief commentary on species composition, distributional picture of actual ranges, and parasitoid association to bog landscape are provided. Being true refugial habitats for populations in an ever-changing world, peatbogs play a significant role in harboring insect communities.},
	keywords = {Animal, Animals, Behavior, biodiversity, Circadian Rhythm, Czech Republic, Host-Parasite Interactions, lepidoptera, Lepidoptera: parasitology, Wasps, Wasps: physiology, Wetlands},
	author = {Lozan, A.I. and Belokobylskij, S.A. and Achterberg, C. van and Monaghan, M.T.}
}
@article {332,
	title = {Shifts in the life history of parasitic wasps correlate with pronounced alterations in early development.},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	volume = {95},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {1097-1101},
	abstract = {Developmental processes have been traditionally viewed to be invariant within higher taxa. However, examples are known whereby closely related species exhibit alterations in early embryogenesis yet appear very similar as adults. Such developmental changes are thought to occur in response to shifts in life history. In insects, the regulation of embryonic development has been intensively studied in model species like Drosophila melanogaster. Previous comparative studies suggest that the developmental processes documented in Drosophila well describe embryogenesis of advanced, holometabolous, insects generally. There have been few attempts, however, to take into account how life history has influenced early development of insects or to characterize early development of species with life histories fundamentally different from flies. Here we compared early development of two species from the same family of parasitic wasps that exhibit very different life histories. Bracon hebetor is an ectoparasite that lays large, yolky eggs on the integument of its host that develop much like the free-living honeybee and Drosophila. In contrast, Aphidius ervi is an endoparasite that lays small and apparently yolk-free eggs that develop in the hemocoel of the host. This wasp exhibits a radically different mode of early development at both the cellular and molecular level from B. hebetor. The developmental changes in A. ervi reflect functional adaptations for its derived life history and argue that departures from the fly paradigm may occur commonly among insects whose eggs develop under conditions different from typical terrestrial species.},
	keywords = {Animals, Aphids, Larva, Larva: growth \& development, Moths, Wasps, Wasps: embryology},
	author = {Grbi{\'c}, M and Strand, M R}
}
@article {338,
	title = {First record of Labena striata Townes and Townes, 1966 (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae, Labeninae) from Colombia.},
	journal = {Brazilian journal of biology = Revista brasleira de biologia},
	volume = {70},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {685-6},
	keywords = {Animals, Colombia, Wasps, Wasps: anatomy \& histology, Wasps: classification},
	author = {Herrera, A.F. and Penteado-Dias, A.M.M.}
}
@article {223,
	title = {A new species of Heredius Marsh 2002 (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Doryctinae) from Brazil.},
	journal = {Brazilian journal of biology = Revista brasleira de biologia},
	volume = {71},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {175-177},
	abstract = {A new species of Heredius Marsh, 2002 is described from Brazil. H. flavus n. sp. differs from the other known Heredius species by its yellow mesosoma and metasoma, acinose-carinate face, acinose temple, malar space length about 0.56 times eye height, ocello-ocular distance about 4.0 times diameter of the lateral ocellus; acinose-rugose mesoscutal lobes, sternaulus finely scrobiculate and almost complete, and first metasomal tergum with apical width almost equal its length.},
	keywords = {Animals, Brazil, Female, Wasps, Wasps: anatomy \& histology, Wasps: classification},
	author = {Castro, C S and Nunes, J F and Penteado-Dias, A.M.M.}
}
@article {224,
	title = {A new species of phytophagous braconid Allorhogas minimus (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Doryctinae) reared from fruit galls on Miconia longifolia (Melastomataceae) in Costa Rica},
	journal = {International Journal of Tropical Insect Science},
	volume = {30},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {101-107},
	abstract = {A new plant-feeding species of braconid wasp Allorhogas minimus Centrella \& Shaw is described from Heredia Province in Costa Rica. The new species is diagnosed and compared with other species in the genus. This is the first record of an Allorhogas species from fruit galls on Miconia longifolia.},
	keywords = {Allorhogas, Braconidae, Costa Rica, Doryctinae, galls, Hymenoptera, miconia, phytophagy, Wasps},
	author = {Centrella, Mary L. and Shaw, S.R.}
}
