@article {531,
	title = {Reared microgastrine wasps (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) from Yanayacu Biological Station and environs (Napo Province, Ecuador): diversity and host specialization.},
	journal = {Journal of insect science (Online)},
	volume = {9},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {1-22},
	abstract = {The microgastrine braconid wasps recovered up through 2007 by the NSF-sponsored rearing project "Caterpillars and Parasitoids of the Eastern Andes in Ecuador" are summarized in terms of their host specialization and faunistic uniqueness. Two hundred fifty eight rearings of caterpillars resulted in records of Microgastrinae, distributed among 14 genera (Apanteles F{\"o}rster, Choeras Mason, Cotesia Cameron, Diolcogaster Ashmead, Distatrix Mason, Dolichogenidea Viereck, Exix Mason, Glyptapanteles Ashmead, Hypomicrogaster Ashmead, Papanteles Mason, Parapanteles Ashmead, Protapanteles Ashmead, Sathon Mason and Venanus Mason). Eleven records of hyperparasitoids of Microgastrinae are also summarized; Mesochorus Gravenhorst (Ichneumonidae) and Perilampidae are both recorded. The results are compared to those recovered by surveys in other parts of the world, especially by the Janzen-Hallwachs survey of the Area de Conservaci{\'o}n Guanacaste (ACG) in Costa Rica. An annotated list of microgastrine genera not yet recorded at Yanayacu, but which we expect to eventually find there based on extrapolation from their known geographic distributions, is provided.},
	keywords = {Animals, biodiversity, ecuador, Host-Parasite Interactions, Host-Parasite Interactions: physiology, lepidoptera, Lepidoptera: parasitology, Species Specificity, Wasps, Wasps: growth \& development, Wasps: physiology},
	author = {Whitfield, J.B. and Rodriguez, J.J. and Masonick, P.K.}
}
@article {457,
	title = {Sequential rapid adaptation of indigenous parasitoid wasps to the invasive butterfly Pieris brassicae.},
	journal = {Evolution; international journal of organic evolution},
	volume = {61},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {1791-802},
	publisher = {BioOne},
	abstract = {The introduction of a new species can change the characteristics of other species within a community. These changes may affect discontiguous trophic levels via adjacent trophic levels. The invasion of an exotic host species may provide the opportunity to observe the dynamics of changing interspecific interactions among parasitoids belonging to different trophic levels. The exotic large white butterfly Pieris brassicae invaded Hokkaido Island, Japan, and quickly spread throughout the island. Prior to the invasion, the small white butterfly P. rapae was the host of the primary parasitoid Cotesia glomerata, on which both the larval hyperparasitoid Baryscapus galactopus and the pupal hyperparasitoid Trichomalopsis apanteroctena depended. At the time of the invasion, C. glomerata generally laid eggs exclusively in P. rapae. During the five years following the invasion, however, the clutch size of C. glomerata in P. rapae gradually decreased, whereas the clutch size in P. brassicae increased. The field results corresponded well with laboratory experiments showing an increase in the rate of parasitism in P. brassicae. The host expansion of C. glomerata provided the two hyperparasitoids with an opportunity to choose between alternative hosts, that is, C. glomerata within P. brassicae and C. glomerata within P. rapae. Indeed, the pupal hyperparasitoid T. apanteroctena shifted its preference gradually to C. glomerata in P. brassicae, whereas the larval hyperparasitoid B. galactopus maintained a preference for C. glomerata in P. rapae. These changes in host preference may result from differential suitability of the two host types. The larval hyperparasitoid preferred C. glomerata within P. rapae to C. glomerata within P. brassicae, presumably because P. brassicae larvae attacked aggressively, thereby hindering the parasitization, whereas the pupal hyperparasitoid could take advantage of the competition-free resource by shifting its host preference. Consequently, the invasion of P. brassicae has changed the host use of the primary parasitoid C. glomerata and the pupal hyperparasitoid T. apanteroctena within a very short time.},
	keywords = {Adaptation, Animals, Biological, Biological Evolution, Butterflies, Butterflies: parasitology, Clutch Size, Clutch Size: physiology, Ecosystem, Female, Host-Parasite Interactions, Host-Parasite Interactions: physiology, japan, Larva, Larva: parasitology, Time Factors, Wasps, Wasps: physiology},
	author = {Tanaka, Shingo and Nishida, Takayoshi and Ohsaki, Naota}
}
@article {427,
	title = {Molecular analysis of parasitoid linkages (MAPL): gut contents of adult parasitoid wasps reveal larval host.},
	journal = {Molecular ecology},
	volume = {20},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {179-186},
	abstract = {Metamorphosing insects often have complex and poorly known life histories. In particular, what they feed on during their larval stages remains unknown for the vast majority of species, and its documentation only results from difficult and time-intensive field observations, rearing or dissections. Through the application of a DNA analysis of gut contents in adult parasitoid wasps, we were able to selectively sequence a diagnostic DNA marker that permitted the identification of the host used by these wasps during their larval stages. By reproducing these results in species with different life histories, we excluded other potential sources of host DNA, confirming that after ingestion by the parasitoid larva the host DNA can persist through metamorphosis in the abdominal contents of the adult wasp. Our discovery considerably extends the applicability of molecular analysis of gut contents by enabling the documentation of food used by insects during their larval stages and thus increasing the accuracy and precision of food web studies. The 24\% success rate of our approach is surprisingly high considering the challenging context for host DNA preservation, and we discuss the factors possibly affecting this rate. We propose molecular analysis of parasitoid linkages (MAPL) as a new method to document host-parasitoid associations at a faster pace and with unrivalled precision. Because of the key regulatory role of parasitoid wasps in ecosystems, which makes them the most commonly used biological control agents, MAPL will have immediate applications in both basic and applied biological sciences.},
	keywords = {Animals, Biological, Food Chain, Host-Parasite Interactions, Larva, Larva: physiology, lepidoptera, Lepidoptera: genetics, Lepidoptera: parasitology, Lepidoptera: physiology, Pest Control, phylogeny, Wasps, Wasps: physiology},
	author = {Rougerie, Rodolphe and Smith, M Alex and Fernandez-Triana, J.L. and Lopez-Vaamonde, Carlos and Ratnasingham, Sujeevan and Hebert, Paul D N}
}
@article {389,
	title = {Methods for rearing Syngaster lepidus and Jarra phoracantha (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), larval parasitoids of the phloem-colonizing longhorned beetles Phoracantha semipunctata and P. recurva (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae).},
	journal = {Bulletin of entomological research},
	volume = {92},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {141-146},
	abstract = {Two species of cerambycid beetles that attack eucalypts, Phoracantha semipunctata (Fabricius) and P. recurva Newman, have been accidentally introduced from Australia into most regions of the world in which their hosts have been planted. The beetles cause extensive mortality in plantations and landscape plantings of the trees. Management programmes have focused on integration of silvicultural practices, host plant resistance and biological control. To rear and release natural enemies of the larval stages of the beetles in California, mass rearing protocols for continuous production of two species of parasitoids have been developed. The methods described represent the first long-term and large-scale techniques for mass rearing parasitoids of any wood-boring cerambycid species. In addition to providing large numbers of parasitoids for releases, the mass rearing effort has also provided large numbers of parasitoids for fundamental studies of their biology and behaviour.},
	keywords = {Animals, Beetles, Beetles: parasitology, Biological, Biological: methods, Larva, Larva: parasitology, Pest Control, Wasps, Wasps: growth \& development, Wasps: physiology},
	author = {Millar, J G and Paine, T D and Campbell, C D and Hanks, L M}
}
@article {380,
	title = {Gnathopleura quadridentata Wharton, 1986 (Hymenoptera; Braconidae; Alysiinae) and their hosts collected in different substrates in Caldas Novas, Goi{\'a}s.},
	journal = {Brazilian journal of biology = Revista brasleira de biologia},
	volume = {67},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {101-3},
	keywords = {Animals, Brazil, Cattle, Chickens, diptera, Diptera: classification, Diptera: parasitology, Fishes, Host-Parasite Interactions, Humans, Wasps, Wasps: classification, Wasps: physiology},
	author = {Marchiori, C.H.}
}
@article {375,
	title = {Diversity and distribution of Braconidae, a family of parasitoid wasps in the central European peatbogs of South Bohemia, Czech Republic.},
	journal = {Journal of insect science (Online)},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {1-21},
	abstract = {An ecological overview of seven years investigation of Braconidae, a family of parasitoid wasps (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonoidea) and a tyrpho-classification of parasitoids in peatbog areas of South Bohemia, Czech Republic are given. A total of 350 species were recorded in investigated sites, but only five tyrphobionts (1.4\%) are proposed: Microchelonus basalis, Microchelonus koponeni, Coloneura ate, Coloneura danica and Myiocephalus niger. All of these species have a boreal-alpine distribution that, in Central Europe, is associated only with peatbogs. Tyrphophilous behaviour is seen in at least four (1.1\%) species: Microchelonus pedator, Microchelonus subpedator, Microchelonus karadagi and Microchelonus gravenhorstii; however, a number of other braconids prefer peatbogs because they were more frequently encountered within, rather than outside, the bog habitat. The rest of the braconids (342 species, 97.5\%) are tyrphoneutrals, many of them being eurytopic components of various habitats throughout their current ranges. Lists of tyrphobiontic braconids and a brief commentary on species composition, distributional picture of actual ranges, and parasitoid association to bog landscape are provided. Being true refugial habitats for populations in an ever-changing world, peatbogs play a significant role in harboring insect communities.},
	keywords = {Animal, Animals, Behavior, biodiversity, Circadian Rhythm, Czech Republic, Host-Parasite Interactions, lepidoptera, Lepidoptera: parasitology, Wasps, Wasps: physiology, Wetlands},
	author = {Lozan, A.I. and Belokobylskij, S.A. and Achterberg, C. van and Monaghan, M.T.}
}
