@article {867, title = {Species richness of Costa Rican Cenocoeliini (Hymenoptera: Braconidae): a latitudinal and altitudinal search for anomalous diversity}, journal = {Journal of Hymenoptera Research}, volume = {7}, year = {1998}, pages = {15-24}, abstract = {Latitudinal patterns of species diversity of New World Braconidae have been scarcely surveyed to date. Such patterns may be of biogeographical and ecological interest because some literature data suggest that some braconid subfamilies do not show an increase in species diversity towards the equator despite an increase of potential host species (i.e., "anomalous diversity"). In the present study, species diversity of a "presumptive" anomalous diverse braconid taxa, Cenocoeliini, was surveyed in Costa Rica. The results were compared with published distribution data of North American Cenocoeliini. Also, species richness and abundance of Cenocoeliini from sealevel to 3400 m altitude in Costa Rica were analyzed to compare latitudinal and altitudinal gradients in species diversity. Costa Rican Cenocoeliini were five times more speciose than those in Canada and USA combined. The increase in estimated species richness per unit area towards the equator of North American Cenocoeliini was similar to that of their most common hosts, Cerambycidae and Scolytidae, but exceeded that of the potential hosts in Costa Rica. Diversification in Costa Rican Cenocoeliini was partly influenced by adaptation to different host families and host substrates. Most species and individuals of Cenocoeliini were found at low altitudes (<500 m) in Costa Rica. Cenocoeliini were not encountered above 1600 m in Costa Rica, this being in contrast to their most likely hosts, Cerambycidae and Scolytidae, which also occurred at high altitudes. Larger-sized Costa Rican Cenocoeliini were often brightly colored suggesting an aposematic function towards visually-oriented predators. New World Cenocoeliini appeared to be tropical lowland-centered and this is expected to be rather an effect of temperature requirements than an effect of host-limitation. }, keywords = {Braconidae, cenocoeliinae, cenocoeliini, cenocoelius, Cerambycidae, Chrysomelidae, Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae, Scolytidae}, url = {http://biostor.org/reference/501}, author = {van der Ent, L.J. and Shaw, S.R.} } @article {528, title = {Phylogeny and evolution of host-parasitoid interactions in Hymenoptera}, journal = {Annual Review of Entomology}, volume = {43}, year = {1998}, pages = {129-151}, abstract = {Recent studies of hymenopteran phylogeny using both comparative morphology andDNAsequence data have greatly enhanced our understanding of the evolution of that order. Resulting phylogenetic hypotheses make possible more rigorous investigations of the evolution of various biological life-styles, among them the parasitoid habit. This paper reviews the current findings from higher-taxon phy- logenetic analyses of the order. A {\textquotedblleft}consensus{\textquotedblright} phylogeny derived from these findings is used to trace the most likely evolutionary pathways leading to the current diversity of parasitoid habits. Taxa and biological phenomena for which our current understanding is fragmentary are highlighted. Based on current evi- dence, it appears that parasitism arose, from mycophagous ancestors, a single time within the order. Many subsequent elaborations of the parasitic mode of life (e.g. endoparasitism, secondary phytophagy, etc) apparently evolved independently more than once.}, keywords = {Biological, comparative morphology, habits, interactions, molecular systematics, parasitic wasps}, author = {Whitfield, J.B.} } @article {529, title = {Hierarchical analysis of variation in the mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene among Hymenoptera.}, journal = {Molecular biology and evolution}, volume = {15}, year = {1998}, pages = {1728-1743}, abstract = {Nucleotide sequences from a 434-bp region of the 16S rRNA gene were analyzed for 65 taxa of Hymenoptera (ants, bees, wasps, parasitoid wasps, sawflies) to examine the patterns of variation within the gene fragment and the taxonomic levels for which it shows maximum utility in phylogeny estimation. A hierarchical approach was adopted in the study through comparison of levels of sequence variation among taxa at different taxonomic levels. As previously reported for many holometabolous insects, the 16S data reported here for Hymenoptera are highly AT-rich and exhibit strong site-to-site variation in substitution rate. More precise estimates of the shape parameter (alpha) of the gamma distribution and the proportion of invariant sites were obtained in this study by employing a reference phylogeny and utilizing maximum-likelihood estimation. The effectiveness of this approach to recovering expected phylogenies of selected hymenopteran taxa has been tested against the use of maximum parsimony. This study finds that the 16S gene is most informative for phylogenetic analysis at two different levels: among closely related species or populations, and among tribes, subfamilies, and families. Maximization of the phylogenetic signal extracted from the 16S gene at higher taxonomic levels may require consideration of the base composition bias and the site-to-site rate variation in a maximum-likelihood framework.}, keywords = {16S, 16S: genetics, Animals, Base Sequence, DNA, evolution, Genetic Variation, Hymenoptera, Hymenoptera: classification, Hymenoptera: genetics, Mitochondrial, Mitochondrial: chemistry, Mitochondrial: genetics, Molecular, Molecular Sequence Data, Nucleic Acid Conformation, phylogeny, Ribosomal, Ribosomal: chemistry, Ribosomal: genetics, RNA, Wasps, Wasps: classification, Wasps: genetics}, author = {Whitfield, J.B. and Cameron, S.A.} } @article {392, title = {Comparative phylogeography and the identification of genetically divergent areas for conservation}, journal = {Molecular Ecology}, volume = {7}, year = {1998}, pages = {419-429}, abstract = {Genetic diversity is recognized as a fundamental component of biodiversity and its pro- tection is incorporated in several conventions and policies. However, neither the concepts nor the methods for assessing conservation value of the spatial distribution of genetic diversity have been resolved. Comparative phylogeography can identify suites of species that have a common history of vicariance. In this study we explore the strengths and limitations of Faith{\textquoteright}s measure of {\textquoteleft}Phylogenetic Diversity{\textquoteright} (PD) as a method for predicting from multiple intraspecific phylogeographies the underlying feature diversity repre- sented by combinations of areas. An advantage of the PD approach is that information on the spatial distribution of genetic diversity can be combined across species and expressed in a form that allows direct comparison with patterns of species distributions. It also seeks to estimate the same parameter, feature diversity, regardless of the level of bio- logical organization. We extend the PD approach by using Venn diagrams to identify the components of PD, including those unique to or shared among areas and those which represent homoplasy on an area tree or which are shared across all areas. PD estimation should be complemented by analysis of these components and inspection of the con- tributing phylogeographies. We illustrate the application of the approach using mtDNA phylogeographies from vertebrates resident in the wet tropical rainforests of north-east Queensland and compare the results to biodiversity assessments based on the distribu- tion of endemic vertebrate species. The genetic vs. species approaches produce different assessments of conservation value, perhaps reflecting differences in the temporal and spatial scale of the determining processes. The two approaches should be seen as comple- mentary and, in this case, conservation planning should incorporate information on both dimensions of biodiversity.}, keywords = {mtdna, phylogenetic diversity, rainforests, vicariance}, author = {Moritz, C. and Faith, D.P.} } @article {332, title = {Shifts in the life history of parasitic wasps correlate with pronounced alterations in early development.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {95}, year = {1998}, pages = {1097-1101}, abstract = {Developmental processes have been traditionally viewed to be invariant within higher taxa. However, examples are known whereby closely related species exhibit alterations in early embryogenesis yet appear very similar as adults. Such developmental changes are thought to occur in response to shifts in life history. In insects, the regulation of embryonic development has been intensively studied in model species like Drosophila melanogaster. Previous comparative studies suggest that the developmental processes documented in Drosophila well describe embryogenesis of advanced, holometabolous, insects generally. There have been few attempts, however, to take into account how life history has influenced early development of insects or to characterize early development of species with life histories fundamentally different from flies. Here we compared early development of two species from the same family of parasitic wasps that exhibit very different life histories. Bracon hebetor is an ectoparasite that lays large, yolky eggs on the integument of its host that develop much like the free-living honeybee and Drosophila. In contrast, Aphidius ervi is an endoparasite that lays small and apparently yolk-free eggs that develop in the hemocoel of the host. This wasp exhibits a radically different mode of early development at both the cellular and molecular level from B. hebetor. The developmental changes in A. ervi reflect functional adaptations for its derived life history and argue that departures from the fly paradigm may occur commonly among insects whose eggs develop under conditions different from typical terrestrial species.}, keywords = {Animals, Aphids, Larva, Larva: growth \& development, Moths, Wasps, Wasps: embryology}, author = {Grbi{\'c}, M and Strand, M R} } @article {340, title = {Neogene and Quaternary development of the neotropical rain forest: the forest refugia hypothesis, and a literature overview}, journal = {Earth-Science Reviews}, volume = {44}, year = {1998}, pages = {147-183}, abstract = {The upheaval of the northern Andes in Miocene and Pliocene time changed the drainage system in northern South America significantly and caused the present-day rain forest areas of Choco and the Lower Magdalena Valley became {\textasciiacute} separated from Amazonas. Plant diversity may have reached the highest level in the Miocene or Pliocene, and excessive present-day phytodiversity may be regarded as a legacy of the Tertiary, rather than an evolutionary product of the Quaternary. In the Quaternary strong temperature oscillations, related to the series of ice-ages, were superposed on the Late {\v Z} Tertiary forest dynamics, which included river displacement and latitudinal migrations of the equatorial rain belt caloric equator. with the rhythm of the precession cycle of orbital climate forcing. The hypothesis that claims a permanent rain forest cover all over the Amazon basin during the last glacial is in contrast with the {\textquoteleft}forest refugia hypothesis{\textquoteright}, which accepts replacement of rain forest by savanna, or savanna forest, during dry climatic intervals. Both scenarios have been evidenced by pollen records. In this paper, it is suggested that both hypotheses are not necessarily conflicting and apparently did occur in different parts of the Amazon basin, and in different periods, depending on the climatological constraints. A compilation of the most important literature concerning the vegetational, climatic, and environmental history of the rain forest areas of Amazonas and Choco, and surrounding dry ecosystems has been included.}, keywords = {amazonas, forest refugia, neogene, quaternary, rain forest}, author = {Hooghiemstra, H} } @article {211, title = {Revisionary notes on the genus Bentonia van Achterberg, 1992 (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Orgilinae) with description of new species}, journal = {Zoologische Mededelingen Leiden}, volume = {72}, year = {1998}, pages = {51-58}, abstract = {

Two new species of the genus Bentonia van Achterberg, 1992 (Braconidae: Orgilinae) (B. inca from Peru and B. xochiquetzalis from Mexico) are described and partly illustrated. A third undescribed species was found for which some characters are listed. The distribution of B. scutellaris van Achterberg,1992, is extended west to Peru and B. longicornis van Achterberg, 1992, north to Venezuela. An identification key is added.

}, keywords = {Bentonia, Braconidae, key, Mexico, Orgilinae, Peru, Venezuela}, url = {http://www.repository.naturalis.nl/document/43537}, author = {Braet, Y. and Tignon, M.} } @article {206, title = {Species of Braconidae (Hymenoptera) collected in French Guyana with description of two new species}, journal = {Bulletin et Annales de la Soci{\'e}t{\'e} royale belge d{\textquoteright}Entomologie}, volume = {133}, year = {1998}, pages = {363-374}, abstract = {

Parmis les Braconides r\écolt\és durant la campagne tortues marines 96 (WWF-France) en Guyane fran\çaise, nous mettons en \évidence la pr\ésence de deux esp\èces nouvelle pour la Science: Dendigaster warana sp.n. et Chelonus pseudoscrobiculatus sp.n. (Cheloninae). De plus Bentonia longicornis van Achterberg, 1992 (Orgilinae), Alabagrus pachamama Sharkey, 1988 et A. waiwai Sharkey, 1988 (Agathidinae) sont cit\és pour la premi\ère fois en Guyane fran\çaise.

}, keywords = {Agathidinae, Alabagrus, Bentonia, Braconidae, Cheloninae, Chelonus, Dentigaster, French Guiana, Orgilinae}, author = {Braet, Y. and Fretey, J.} } @article {190, title = {The Orgilinae (Hymenoptera : Braconidae) in the Ethiopian and Malagasy area}, journal = {Bulletin de la Soci{\'e}t{\'e} royale belge d{\textquoteright}Entomologie}, volume = {133}, year = {1998}, pages = {445-467}, author = {Braet, Y.} } @article {192, title = {Notes about exotic Braconidae in Belgian collections}, journal = {Bulletin de la Soci{\'e}t{\'e} royale belge d{\textquoteright}Entomologie}, volume = {133}, year = {1998}, pages = {337-343}, author = {Braet, Y.} } @article {124, title = {Bobekoides gen. nov.(Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Alysiinae) from South Africa}, journal = {Zoologische Mededelingen Leiden}, volume = {72}, year = {1998}, pages = {105-111}, publisher = {NATIONAAL NATUURHISTORISCH MUSEUM}, abstract = {A new genus of the subfamily Alysiinae (Braconidae) is reported from South Africa (Bobekoides gen. nov.; type species: Bobekoides fulvus spec. nov.), illustrated, and described. A key to the species is added. The new genus is closely related to the East Palaearctic genus Hylcalosia Fischer, 1967.}, keywords = {Afrotropical, Alysiinae, Alysiini, Bobekoides, Braconidae, Hymenoptera, key, South Africa}, author = {Achterberg, C. van} }