@article {429,
	title = {Applying DNA barcoding for the study of geographical variation in host-parasitoid interactions.},
	journal = {Molecular ecology resources},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {46-59},
	abstract = {Studies on the biogeography of host-parasitoid interactions are scarce, mainly because of technical difficulties associated with rearing and species identification. DNA barcoding is increasingly recognized as a valuable tool for taxon identification, allowing to link different life history stages of a species. We evaluate the usefulness of a protocol based on cytochrome oxidase I (COI) sequencing for the study of geographical variation of host-parasitoid interactions. Larvae of Acroclita subsequana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) were collected in Macaronesia and dissected to search for parasitoid larvae. Both hosts and parasitoids were sequenced and assigned to molecular operational taxonomic units (MOTUs) based on pairwise genetic distances, tree-based and similarity-based methods. Hosts were grouped into six MOTUs, usually with an allopatric distribution, while parasitoids clustered into 12 MOTUs, each of which was mostly found attacking a single host MOTU. Available COI sequence databases failed to provide identification to species level for these MOTUs. Three challenges related to the applicability of DNA barcoding in this type of studies are identified and discussed: (i) more suitable primers need to be developed for both parasitoids and hosts; (ii) the most commonly used approaches for inferring MOTUs have different limitations (e.g. arbitrary nature of defining a threshold to separate MOTUs) and need to be improved or replaced by other techniques; and (iii) for the identification of MOTUs, it is imperative to increase the range of sequenced taxa in the currently available reference databases. Finally, in spite of these difficulties, we discuss how DNA barcoding will help ecological and biogeographical studies of host-parasitoid interactions.},
	keywords = {Animals, DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic, DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic: methods, Electron Transport Complex IV, Electron Transport Complex IV: genetics, Euphorbia, Euphorbia: parasitology, Europe, Geography, Host-Parasite Interactions, Insect Proteins, Insect Proteins: genetics, Molecular Sequence Data, Moths, Moths: classification, Moths: enzymology, Moths: genetics, Moths: physiology, phylogeny},
	author = {Santos, Ana M C and Besnard, Guillaume and Quicke, D.L.J.}
}
@article {332,
	title = {Shifts in the life history of parasitic wasps correlate with pronounced alterations in early development.},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	volume = {95},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {1097-1101},
	abstract = {Developmental processes have been traditionally viewed to be invariant within higher taxa. However, examples are known whereby closely related species exhibit alterations in early embryogenesis yet appear very similar as adults. Such developmental changes are thought to occur in response to shifts in life history. In insects, the regulation of embryonic development has been intensively studied in model species like Drosophila melanogaster. Previous comparative studies suggest that the developmental processes documented in Drosophila well describe embryogenesis of advanced, holometabolous, insects generally. There have been few attempts, however, to take into account how life history has influenced early development of insects or to characterize early development of species with life histories fundamentally different from flies. Here we compared early development of two species from the same family of parasitic wasps that exhibit very different life histories. Bracon hebetor is an ectoparasite that lays large, yolky eggs on the integument of its host that develop much like the free-living honeybee and Drosophila. In contrast, Aphidius ervi is an endoparasite that lays small and apparently yolk-free eggs that develop in the hemocoel of the host. This wasp exhibits a radically different mode of early development at both the cellular and molecular level from B. hebetor. The developmental changes in A. ervi reflect functional adaptations for its derived life history and argue that departures from the fly paradigm may occur commonly among insects whose eggs develop under conditions different from typical terrestrial species.},
	keywords = {Animals, Aphids, Larva, Larva: growth \& development, Moths, Wasps, Wasps: embryology},
	author = {Grbi{\'c}, M and Strand, M R}
}
