@article {531,
	title = {Reared microgastrine wasps (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) from Yanayacu Biological Station and environs (Napo Province, Ecuador): diversity and host specialization.},
	journal = {Journal of insect science (Online)},
	volume = {9},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {1-22},
	abstract = {The microgastrine braconid wasps recovered up through 2007 by the NSF-sponsored rearing project "Caterpillars and Parasitoids of the Eastern Andes in Ecuador" are summarized in terms of their host specialization and faunistic uniqueness. Two hundred fifty eight rearings of caterpillars resulted in records of Microgastrinae, distributed among 14 genera (Apanteles F{\"o}rster, Choeras Mason, Cotesia Cameron, Diolcogaster Ashmead, Distatrix Mason, Dolichogenidea Viereck, Exix Mason, Glyptapanteles Ashmead, Hypomicrogaster Ashmead, Papanteles Mason, Parapanteles Ashmead, Protapanteles Ashmead, Sathon Mason and Venanus Mason). Eleven records of hyperparasitoids of Microgastrinae are also summarized; Mesochorus Gravenhorst (Ichneumonidae) and Perilampidae are both recorded. The results are compared to those recovered by surveys in other parts of the world, especially by the Janzen-Hallwachs survey of the Area de Conservaci{\'o}n Guanacaste (ACG) in Costa Rica. An annotated list of microgastrine genera not yet recorded at Yanayacu, but which we expect to eventually find there based on extrapolation from their known geographic distributions, is provided.},
	keywords = {Animals, biodiversity, ecuador, Host-Parasite Interactions, Host-Parasite Interactions: physiology, lepidoptera, Lepidoptera: parasitology, Species Specificity, Wasps, Wasps: growth \& development, Wasps: physiology},
	author = {Whitfield, J.B. and Rodriguez, J.J. and Masonick, P.K.}
}
@article {452,
	title = {Extreme diversity of tropical parasitoid wasps exposed by iterative integration of natural history, DNA barcoding, morphology, and collections.},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	volume = {105},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {12359-12364},
	abstract = {We DNA barcoded 2,597 parasitoid wasps belonging to 6 microgastrine braconid genera reared from parapatric tropical dry forest, cloud forest, and rain forest in Area de Conservaci{\'o}n Guanacaste (ACG) in northwestern Costa Rica and combined these data with records of caterpillar hosts and morphological analyses. We asked whether barcoding and morphology discover the same provisional species and whether the biological entities revealed by our analysis are congruent with wasp host specificity. Morphological analysis revealed 171 provisional species, but barcoding exposed an additional 142 provisional species; 95\% of the total is likely to be undescribed. These 313 provisional species are extraordinarily host specific; more than 90\% attack only 1 or 2 species of caterpillars out of more than 3,500 species sampled. The most extreme case of overlooked diversity is the morphospecies Apanteles leucostigmus. This minute black wasp with a distinctive white wing stigma was thought to parasitize 32 species of ACG hesperiid caterpillars, but barcoding revealed 36 provisional species, each attacking one or a very few closely related species of caterpillars. When host records and/or within-ACG distributions suggested that DNA barcoding had missed a species-pair, or when provisional species were separated only by slight differences in their barcodes, we examined nuclear sequences to test hypotheses of presumptive species boundaries and to further probe host specificity. Our iterative process of combining morphological analysis, ecology, and DNA barcoding and reiteratively using specimens maintained in permanent collections has resulted in a much more fine-scaled understanding of parasitoid diversity and host specificity than any one of these elements could have produced on its own.},
	keywords = {Animals, Automatic Data Processing, biodiversity, Costa Rica, Data Collection, Data Collection: methods, DNA, Genes, Host-Parasite Interactions, Insect, lepidoptera, Lepidoptera: parasitology, Molecular Sequence Data, Morphogenesis, Natural History, Parasites, Wasps, Wasps: classification, Wasps: genetics},
	author = {Smith, M Alex and Rodriguez, J.J. and Whitfield, J.B. and Deans, A.R. and Janzen, D.H. and Hallwachs, Winnie and Hebert, Paul D N}
}
@article {457,
	title = {Sequential rapid adaptation of indigenous parasitoid wasps to the invasive butterfly Pieris brassicae.},
	journal = {Evolution; international journal of organic evolution},
	volume = {61},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {1791-802},
	publisher = {BioOne},
	abstract = {The introduction of a new species can change the characteristics of other species within a community. These changes may affect discontiguous trophic levels via adjacent trophic levels. The invasion of an exotic host species may provide the opportunity to observe the dynamics of changing interspecific interactions among parasitoids belonging to different trophic levels. The exotic large white butterfly Pieris brassicae invaded Hokkaido Island, Japan, and quickly spread throughout the island. Prior to the invasion, the small white butterfly P. rapae was the host of the primary parasitoid Cotesia glomerata, on which both the larval hyperparasitoid Baryscapus galactopus and the pupal hyperparasitoid Trichomalopsis apanteroctena depended. At the time of the invasion, C. glomerata generally laid eggs exclusively in P. rapae. During the five years following the invasion, however, the clutch size of C. glomerata in P. rapae gradually decreased, whereas the clutch size in P. brassicae increased. The field results corresponded well with laboratory experiments showing an increase in the rate of parasitism in P. brassicae. The host expansion of C. glomerata provided the two hyperparasitoids with an opportunity to choose between alternative hosts, that is, C. glomerata within P. brassicae and C. glomerata within P. rapae. Indeed, the pupal hyperparasitoid T. apanteroctena shifted its preference gradually to C. glomerata in P. brassicae, whereas the larval hyperparasitoid B. galactopus maintained a preference for C. glomerata in P. rapae. These changes in host preference may result from differential suitability of the two host types. The larval hyperparasitoid preferred C. glomerata within P. rapae to C. glomerata within P. brassicae, presumably because P. brassicae larvae attacked aggressively, thereby hindering the parasitization, whereas the pupal hyperparasitoid could take advantage of the competition-free resource by shifting its host preference. Consequently, the invasion of P. brassicae has changed the host use of the primary parasitoid C. glomerata and the pupal hyperparasitoid T. apanteroctena within a very short time.},
	keywords = {Adaptation, Animals, Biological, Biological Evolution, Butterflies, Butterflies: parasitology, Clutch Size, Clutch Size: physiology, Ecosystem, Female, Host-Parasite Interactions, Host-Parasite Interactions: physiology, japan, Larva, Larva: parasitology, Time Factors, Wasps, Wasps: physiology},
	author = {Tanaka, Shingo and Nishida, Takayoshi and Ohsaki, Naota}
}
@article {427,
	title = {Molecular analysis of parasitoid linkages (MAPL): gut contents of adult parasitoid wasps reveal larval host.},
	journal = {Molecular ecology},
	volume = {20},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {179-186},
	abstract = {Metamorphosing insects often have complex and poorly known life histories. In particular, what they feed on during their larval stages remains unknown for the vast majority of species, and its documentation only results from difficult and time-intensive field observations, rearing or dissections. Through the application of a DNA analysis of gut contents in adult parasitoid wasps, we were able to selectively sequence a diagnostic DNA marker that permitted the identification of the host used by these wasps during their larval stages. By reproducing these results in species with different life histories, we excluded other potential sources of host DNA, confirming that after ingestion by the parasitoid larva the host DNA can persist through metamorphosis in the abdominal contents of the adult wasp. Our discovery considerably extends the applicability of molecular analysis of gut contents by enabling the documentation of food used by insects during their larval stages and thus increasing the accuracy and precision of food web studies. The 24\% success rate of our approach is surprisingly high considering the challenging context for host DNA preservation, and we discuss the factors possibly affecting this rate. We propose molecular analysis of parasitoid linkages (MAPL) as a new method to document host-parasitoid associations at a faster pace and with unrivalled precision. Because of the key regulatory role of parasitoid wasps in ecosystems, which makes them the most commonly used biological control agents, MAPL will have immediate applications in both basic and applied biological sciences.},
	keywords = {Animals, Biological, Food Chain, Host-Parasite Interactions, Larva, Larva: physiology, lepidoptera, Lepidoptera: genetics, Lepidoptera: parasitology, Lepidoptera: physiology, Pest Control, phylogeny, Wasps, Wasps: physiology},
	author = {Rougerie, Rodolphe and Smith, M Alex and Fernandez-Triana, J.L. and Lopez-Vaamonde, Carlos and Ratnasingham, Sujeevan and Hebert, Paul D N}
}
@article {429,
	title = {Applying DNA barcoding for the study of geographical variation in host-parasitoid interactions.},
	journal = {Molecular ecology resources},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {46-59},
	abstract = {Studies on the biogeography of host-parasitoid interactions are scarce, mainly because of technical difficulties associated with rearing and species identification. DNA barcoding is increasingly recognized as a valuable tool for taxon identification, allowing to link different life history stages of a species. We evaluate the usefulness of a protocol based on cytochrome oxidase I (COI) sequencing for the study of geographical variation of host-parasitoid interactions. Larvae of Acroclita subsequana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) were collected in Macaronesia and dissected to search for parasitoid larvae. Both hosts and parasitoids were sequenced and assigned to molecular operational taxonomic units (MOTUs) based on pairwise genetic distances, tree-based and similarity-based methods. Hosts were grouped into six MOTUs, usually with an allopatric distribution, while parasitoids clustered into 12 MOTUs, each of which was mostly found attacking a single host MOTU. Available COI sequence databases failed to provide identification to species level for these MOTUs. Three challenges related to the applicability of DNA barcoding in this type of studies are identified and discussed: (i) more suitable primers need to be developed for both parasitoids and hosts; (ii) the most commonly used approaches for inferring MOTUs have different limitations (e.g. arbitrary nature of defining a threshold to separate MOTUs) and need to be improved or replaced by other techniques; and (iii) for the identification of MOTUs, it is imperative to increase the range of sequenced taxa in the currently available reference databases. Finally, in spite of these difficulties, we discuss how DNA barcoding will help ecological and biogeographical studies of host-parasitoid interactions.},
	keywords = {Animals, DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic, DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic: methods, Electron Transport Complex IV, Electron Transport Complex IV: genetics, Euphorbia, Euphorbia: parasitology, Europe, Geography, Host-Parasite Interactions, Insect Proteins, Insect Proteins: genetics, Molecular Sequence Data, Moths, Moths: classification, Moths: enzymology, Moths: genetics, Moths: physiology, phylogeny},
	author = {Santos, Ana M C and Besnard, Guillaume and Quicke, D.L.J.}
}
@article {380,
	title = {Gnathopleura quadridentata Wharton, 1986 (Hymenoptera; Braconidae; Alysiinae) and their hosts collected in different substrates in Caldas Novas, Goi{\'a}s.},
	journal = {Brazilian journal of biology = Revista brasleira de biologia},
	volume = {67},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {101-3},
	keywords = {Animals, Brazil, Cattle, Chickens, diptera, Diptera: classification, Diptera: parasitology, Fishes, Host-Parasite Interactions, Humans, Wasps, Wasps: classification, Wasps: physiology},
	author = {Marchiori, C.H.}
}
@article {375,
	title = {Diversity and distribution of Braconidae, a family of parasitoid wasps in the central European peatbogs of South Bohemia, Czech Republic.},
	journal = {Journal of insect science (Online)},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {1-21},
	abstract = {An ecological overview of seven years investigation of Braconidae, a family of parasitoid wasps (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonoidea) and a tyrpho-classification of parasitoids in peatbog areas of South Bohemia, Czech Republic are given. A total of 350 species were recorded in investigated sites, but only five tyrphobionts (1.4\%) are proposed: Microchelonus basalis, Microchelonus koponeni, Coloneura ate, Coloneura danica and Myiocephalus niger. All of these species have a boreal-alpine distribution that, in Central Europe, is associated only with peatbogs. Tyrphophilous behaviour is seen in at least four (1.1\%) species: Microchelonus pedator, Microchelonus subpedator, Microchelonus karadagi and Microchelonus gravenhorstii; however, a number of other braconids prefer peatbogs because they were more frequently encountered within, rather than outside, the bog habitat. The rest of the braconids (342 species, 97.5\%) are tyrphoneutrals, many of them being eurytopic components of various habitats throughout their current ranges. Lists of tyrphobiontic braconids and a brief commentary on species composition, distributional picture of actual ranges, and parasitoid association to bog landscape are provided. Being true refugial habitats for populations in an ever-changing world, peatbogs play a significant role in harboring insect communities.},
	keywords = {Animal, Animals, Behavior, biodiversity, Circadian Rhythm, Czech Republic, Host-Parasite Interactions, lepidoptera, Lepidoptera: parasitology, Wasps, Wasps: physiology, Wetlands},
	author = {Lozan, A.I. and Belokobylskij, S.A. and Achterberg, C. van and Monaghan, M.T.}
}
@article {258,
	title = {Parasitoid diversity (Hymenoptera: Braconidae and Figitidae) on frugivorous larvae (Diptera: Tephritidae and Lonchaeidae) at Adolpho Ducke Forest reserve, central amazon region, Manaus, Brazil.},
	journal = {Brazilian journal of biology = Revista brasleira de biologia},
	volume = {69},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {363-70},
	abstract = {This study aimed to identify parasitoid species of frugivorous larvae and to describe the tritrophic interactions involving wild fruits, frugivorous insects and their natural enemies at Adolpho Ducke Forest Reserve (RFAD) (Manaus, AM, Brazil). Collections were performed in four 1 km2 quadrants in the corners of the RFAD. The wild fruits were collected inside the forest in access trails leading to each collection area and in trails that surrounded the quadrants, up to five metres from the trail on each side. The fruits were placed in plastic containers covered with thin fabric, with a vermiculite layer on the base to allow the emergence of flies or parasitoids. Seven Braconidae species were collected, distributed among Opiinae: Doryctobracon areolatus (Sz{\'e}pligeti, 1911), Utetes anastrephae (Viereck, 1913), and Opius sp., and Alysiinae: Asobara anastrephae (Muesebeck, 1958), Phaenocarpa pericarpa Wharton and Carrejo, 1999, Idiasta delicata Papp, 1969, and Asobara sp. Parasitism rates by braconids and figitids are presented. Doryctobracon areolatus was the most frequent, parasitizing the highest number of fly species, and showing the highest parasitism percentage in larvae feeding on Micropholis williamii fruits. The collected figitids belong to Aganaspis nordlanderi Wharton, 1998 and A. pelleranoi (Brethes, 1924). All 15 tritrophic associations are new records for the Brazilian Amazon region. The RFAD is an important natural reservoir of frugivorous larvae parasitoids.},
	keywords = {Animals, biodiversity, Brazil, diptera, Diptera: classification, Diptera: parasitology, Fruit, Fruit: classification, Fruit: parasitology, Host-Parasite Interactions, Hymenoptera, Hymenoptera: classification, Hymenoptera: physiology, Larva, Larva: parasitology, Tephritidae, Tephritidae: parasitology},
	author = {Costa, S G M and Querino, R B and Ronchi-Teles, B and Penteado-Dias, A.M.M. and Zucchi, R.A}
}
