02624nas a2200421   4500008004100000245009300041210006900134300001400203490000700217520142500224653000801649653001801657653001201675653001801687653000801705653001401713653002201727653001601749653003201765653002601797653001801823653002901841653002801870653001401898653002801912653003001940653001401970653001401984653002501998653002402023653000802047653001002055653002602065653002002091100002002111700001802131856005302149       1998                        eng d00aHierarchical analysis of variation in the mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene among Hymenoptera.0 aHierarchical analysis of variation in the mitochondrial 16S rRNA  a1728-17430 v153 aNucleotide sequences from a 434-bp region of the 16S rRNA gene were analyzed for 65 taxa of Hymenoptera (ants, bees, wasps, parasitoid wasps, sawflies) to examine the patterns of variation within the gene fragment and the taxonomic levels for which it shows maximum utility in phylogeny estimation. A hierarchical approach was adopted in the study through comparison of levels of sequence variation among taxa at different taxonomic levels. As previously reported for many holometabolous insects, the 16S data reported here for Hymenoptera are highly AT-rich and exhibit strong site-to-site variation in substitution rate. More precise estimates of the shape parameter (alpha) of the gamma distribution and the proportion of invariant sites were obtained in this study by employing a reference phylogeny and utilizing maximum-likelihood estimation. The effectiveness of this approach to recovering expected phylogenies of selected hymenopteran taxa has been tested against the use of maximum parsimony. This study finds that the 16S gene is most informative for phylogenetic analysis at two different levels: among closely related species or populations, and among tribes, subfamilies, and families. Maximization of the phylogenetic signal extracted from the 16S gene at higher taxonomic levels may require consideration of the base composition bias and the site-to-site rate variation in a maximum-likelihood framework.10a16S10a16S: genetics10aAnimals10aBase Sequence10aDNA10aevolution10aGenetic Variation10aHymenoptera10aHymenoptera: classification10aHymenoptera: genetics10aMitochondrial10aMitochondrial: chemistry10aMitochondrial: genetics10aMolecular10aMolecular Sequence Data10aNucleic Acid Conformation10aphylogeny10aRibosomal10aRibosomal: chemistry10aRibosomal: genetics10aRNA10aWasps10aWasps: classification10aWasps: genetics1 aWhitfield, J.B.1 aCameron, S.A.  uhttps://insectafgseag.myspecies.info/fr/node/52902337nas a2200253   4500008004100000245009700041210006900138300001200207490000700219520159500226653000801821653001801829653001201847653001601859653003201875653002601907653001401933653001401947653000801961100002301969700001701992700002102009856005302030       2006                        eng d00aMolecular systematics of basal subfamilies of ants using 28S rRNA (Hymenoptera: Formicidae).0 aMolecular systematics of basal subfamilies of ants using 28S rRN  a359-3690 v403 aFor many years, the ant subfamily Ponerinae was hypothesized to contain the basal (early branching) lineages of ants. Recently the Ponerinae were reclassified into six poneromorph subfamilies based on morphological analysis. We evaluate this new poneromorph classification using 1240 base pairs of DNA sequence data obtained from 28S rRNA gene sequences of 68 terminal taxa. The molecular tree supported the monophyly of the ant family Formicidae, with 100% parsimony bootstrap (PB) support and posterior probabilities (PP) of 1.00, with the ant subfamily Leptanillinae as a sister group to all other ants (PB=62, PP=93). However, our analyses strongly support the polyphyly of the Poneromorph subfamilies (sensu Bolton). The Ectatomminae and Heteroponerinae are more closely related to the Formicoid subfamilies than to the rest of the poneromophs (PB=96, PP=100). The Amblyoponinae (PB=52, PP=96), Paraponerinae (PB=100, PP=100), Ponerinae (PB<50, PP=71), and Proceratiinae (PB=98, PP=100) appear as distinct lineages at the base of the tree and are identified as a poneroid grade. Monophyletic origins for the poneroid subfamilies Amblyoponinae, Paraponerinae, Ponerinae and Proceratiinae are supported in our analysis. However, the genus Platythyrea forms a distinct sister group to the Ponerini within the Ponerinae. The Heteroponerinae, based on our sample of Heteroponera, are associated with the subfamily Ectatomminae (PB=98, PP=100). Furthermore, our data indicate the genus Probolomyrmex belongs to the Proceratiinae as suggested by recent morphological analysis (PB=98, PP=100).10a28S10a28S: genetics10aAnimals10aHymenoptera10aHymenoptera: classification10aHymenoptera: genetics10aphylogeny10aRibosomal10aRNA1 aOuellette, Gary, D1 aFisher, B.L.1 aGirman, Derek, J  uhttps://insectafgseag.myspecies.info/fr/node/40303528nas a2200253   4500008004100000245018500041210006900226300001200295490000700307520267400314653001202988653001803000653001603018653001603034653003203050653002603082653002503108653001403133100002103147700001603168700002003184700001703204856005303221       2008                        eng d00aPhylogeny of the parasitic microgastroid subfamilies (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) based on sequence data from seven genes, with an improved time estimate of the origin of the lineage.0 aPhylogeny of the parasitic microgastroid subfamilies Hymenoptera  a378-3950 v473 aThe microgastroid complex of braconid wasps is a widely recognized and biologically coherent lineage of endoparasitoids of lepidopteran larvae (caterpillars). The complex has received significant phylogenetic attention in recent years due in part to the taxons' association with mutualistic polydnaviruses, with which they compromise host immune systems. A number of previous attempts using a variety of morphological and molecular approaches have not unequivocally resolved relationships amongst the main subfamilies. This work represents a more extensive attempt to resolve the microgastroid relationships, using seven genes (16S rRNA, cytochrome oxidase I (CO1), 28S rRNA, arginine kinase (ArgK), long wavelength rhodopsin (Ops), elongation factor 1 alpha (EF1a) and wingless (Wg)) and a greater taxonomic representation. Bayesian, likelihood and parsimony phylogenetic reconstructions of this improved data set has determined that the chelonines diverged first from the remainder of the microgastroids, however the relationships amongst the other subfamilies are still unclear, suggesting a greater nucleotide sample is required to resolve them. Examination of the contribution of individual gene trees to the phylogeny demonstrates why the relationships between subfamilies are still unclear, with not all groups monophyletic for all trees. Filtered supernetworks demonstrate that monophyly of all subfamilies is only recovered when splits found in only one or two genes are excluded, but this also results in little remaining structure left in the deep nodes to resolve inter-subfamily relationships. By increasing the breadth of the study we were also able to re-evaluate previous attempts at dating the lineage and, therefore the origin of the polydnavirus association. Previous attempts used a much reduced data set and fewer fossil calibrations. Thorough literature searches have revealed a substantial increase in the fossil calibrations and these, combined with more sophisticated molecular dating analysis, have substantially increased the age of the microgastroid lineage from previous estimates of approximately 73MYA to approximately 100MYA. Examination of the resultant linearized clock tree also allows an insight into the evolution of the more species rich subfamilies. The chelonines appear to have had a steady rate of evolution, whilst the microgastrines and cardiochilines appear to have undergone a more significant "burst" of evolution. It is hypothesized that the different parasitism strategies of subfamilies (Chelonines are egg parasitoids and the remainder are larval parasitioids) may have influenced the evolutionary rates of the groups.10aAnimals10aBase Sequence10aDNA Primers10aHymenoptera10aHymenoptera: classification10aHymenoptera: genetics10aLikelihood Functions10aphylogeny1 aMurphy, Nicholas1 aBanks, J.C.1 aWhitfield, J.B.1 aAustin, A.D.  uhttps://insectafgseag.myspecies.info/fr/node/394