02052nas a2200265   4500008004100000245015500041210006900196300001200265490000700277520114500284653001301429653004501442653001801487653002701505653002301532653003601555100002401591700002001615700002001635700001601655700001901671700001601690700002701706856005301733       2004                        eng d00aHigh local species richness of parasitic wasps (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae; Pimplinae and Rhyssinae) from the lowland rainforests of Peruvian Amazonia0 aHigh local species richness of parasitic wasps Hymenoptera Ichne  a735-7430 v293 a1. The parasitic wasp family Ichneumonidae (Hymenoptera) is of great interest because it has been claimed that its species richness does not increase with decreasing latitude. 2. No extensive studies of the family have been conducted in South American localities. 3. Arthropods were sampled using 27 Malaise traps in the Allpahuayo–Mishana National Reserve (56 000 ha) in the north-eastern Peruvian Amazonian lowland rainforest. The total duration of the sampling programme was 185 Malaise trap months. 4. Altogether, 88 species were collected. This is one of the highest local pimpline and rhyssine species numbers ever recorded. A comparison with results from Mesoamerica revealed that at equal numbers of individuals sampled, the number of Pimplinae and Rhyssinae species in Peruvian Amazonia is at least twofold compared with lowland locations in Mesoamerica and somewhat higher than in the most species-rich Costa Rican higher altitude localities. 5. Non-parametric methods of estimating species richness were applied. These suggest that additional sampling would yield a considerable number of new Pimplinae and/or Rhyssinae species10aAmazonia10aanomalous latitudinal diversity gradient10aIchneumonidae10alocal species richness10alowland rainforest10anon-parametric species richness1 aSääksjärvi, I.E.1 aHaataja, Samuli1 aNeuvonen, Seppo1 aGauld, I.D.1 aJussila, Reijo1 aSalo, Jukka1 aBurgos, Andres, Marmol  uhttps://insectafgseag.myspecies.info/fr/node/42803251nas a2200205   4500008004100000245012300041210006900164300001200233490000700245520261200252653001502864653001402879653002102893653001802914653001402932653001502946653001502961100001602976856005302992       1988                        eng d00aEvolutionary patterns of host utilization by ichneurnonoid parasitoids ( Hymenoptera : Ichneurnonidae and Braconidae )0 aEvolutionary patterns of host utilization by ichneurnonoid paras  a351-3770 v353 a‘The four major biological strategies of ichneumonoid parasitoids, koinobiont and idiohiont, ecto-and endoparasitism, are discussed and the evolutionary radiations of the two families Ichneumonidae and Braconidae compared in an attempt to relate differences in patterns of host utilization to differences in evolutionary history. The most primitive members of both families are idiobiont ectoparasitoids of hosts concealed in plant tissue. Idiobiont ectoparasitic braconids are all still primarily associated with such hosts, hut idiobiont ectoparasitic ichneumonids have radiated to attack hosts in other situations, such as in aculeate nests or in cocoons. A shift in emphasis between the behavioural steps, host habitat location and host location, is envisaged as being important in such evolutionary change. Idiohiont endoparasitism is postulated as having arisen amongst ectoparasitoids attacking cocooned hosts, as an adaptation that allows them to exploit pupae and puparia in relatively exposed positions; it is a fairly common strategy in the Ichneumonidae, but virtually unknown in the Braconidae. Koinobiosis is perceived as having evolved in association with hosts which feed in a relatively weakly concealed position, hut pupate in a more secluded and safe location. The strategy is advantageous as it allows a parasitoid to oviposit on an easily discoverable host, but to use the host’s pupation concealment to complete its own development. The evolution of koinobiosis has allowed parasitoids to exploit hosts that feed in exposed positions, and to attack hosts at a younger and numerically more common stage in the host’s life cycle. Koinohiont ectoparasitism is envisaged, in some braconid and ichneumonid groups, to occupy an evolutionary transitional position between idiobiosis and endoparasitic koinohiosis; only in the Ichneumonidae have large radiations of koinohiont ectoparasitoids occurred. Endoparasitic koinobiosis is hypothesized as having arisen in the Braconidae in association with lepidopterous/coleopterous hosts, whilst in the major lineage of endoparasitic koinobiont ichneumonids, this habit is hypothesized as having arisen in association with symphytan hosts. The great majority of braconids are koinobiont endoparasitoids, but only about 50% of the Ichneumonidae have this habit. Very few koinohiont braconids develop as endoparasitoids of hymenopterous hosts, although many endoparasitic ichneumonids attack Hymenoptera. However, lineages of the Braconidae have radiated to exploit adult insects and exoptrrygote nymphs; ichneumonids do not utilize such hosts.10aBraconidae10aevolution10ahost utilization10aIchneumonidae10aidiobiont10akoinobiont10aparasitoid1 aGauld, I.D.  uhttps://insectafgseag.myspecies.info/fr/node/31200595nas a2200193   4500008004100000245008600041210006900127300001200196490000700208653001900215653001700234653001600251653001400267100001700281700001800298700001600316700001600332856005300348       1999                        eng d00aEstimating global biodiversity: tropical beetles and wasps send different signals0 aEstimating global biodiversity tropical beetles and wasps send d  a118-1210 v2410abeta diversity10abiodiversity10aparasitoids10apimplinae1 aBartlett, R.1 aPickering, J.1 aGauld, I.D.1 aWindsor, D.  uhttps://insectafgseag.myspecies.info/fr/node/157