@article {525,
	title = {Caste fate conflict in swarm-founding social hymenoptera: an inclusive fitness analysis.},
	journal = {Journal of evolutionary biology},
	volume = {16},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {647-58},
	abstract = {A caste system in which females develop into morphologically distinct queens or workers has evolved independently in ants, wasps and bees. Although such reproductive division of labour may benefit the colony it is also a source of conflict because individual immature females can benefit from developing into a queen in order to gain greater direct reproduction. Here we present a formal inclusive fitness analysis of caste fate conflict appropriate for swarm-founding social Hymenoptera. Three major conclusions are reached: (1) when caste is self-determined, many females should selfishly choose to become queens and the resulting depletion of the workforce can substantially reduce colony productivity; (2) greater relatedness among colony members reduces this excess queen production; (3) if workers can prevent excess queen production at low cost by controlled feeding, a transition to nutritional caste determination should occur. These predictions generalize results derived earlier using an allele-frequency model [Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. (2001) 50: 467] and are supported by observed levels of queen production in various taxa, especially stingless bees, where caste can be either individually or nutritionally controlled.},
	keywords = {Animals, evolution, Feeding Behavior, Female, Hymenoptera, Hymenoptera: genetics, Nutritional Status, Sexual Behavior, Animal, Social Dominance},
	author = {Wenseleers, T and Ratnieks, F L W and Billen, J}
}
@article {529,
	title = {Hierarchical analysis of variation in the mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene among Hymenoptera.},
	journal = {Molecular biology and evolution},
	volume = {15},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {1728-1743},
	abstract = {Nucleotide sequences from a 434-bp region of the 16S rRNA gene were analyzed for 65 taxa of Hymenoptera (ants, bees, wasps, parasitoid wasps, sawflies) to examine the patterns of variation within the gene fragment and the taxonomic levels for which it shows maximum utility in phylogeny estimation. A hierarchical approach was adopted in the study through comparison of levels of sequence variation among taxa at different taxonomic levels. As previously reported for many holometabolous insects, the 16S data reported here for Hymenoptera are highly AT-rich and exhibit strong site-to-site variation in substitution rate. More precise estimates of the shape parameter (alpha) of the gamma distribution and the proportion of invariant sites were obtained in this study by employing a reference phylogeny and utilizing maximum-likelihood estimation. The effectiveness of this approach to recovering expected phylogenies of selected hymenopteran taxa has been tested against the use of maximum parsimony. This study finds that the 16S gene is most informative for phylogenetic analysis at two different levels: among closely related species or populations, and among tribes, subfamilies, and families. Maximization of the phylogenetic signal extracted from the 16S gene at higher taxonomic levels may require consideration of the base composition bias and the site-to-site rate variation in a maximum-likelihood framework.},
	keywords = {16S, 16S: genetics, Animals, Base Sequence, DNA, evolution, Genetic Variation, Hymenoptera, Hymenoptera: classification, Hymenoptera: genetics, Mitochondrial, Mitochondrial: chemistry, Mitochondrial: genetics, Molecular, Molecular Sequence Data, Nucleic Acid Conformation, phylogeny, Ribosomal, Ribosomal: chemistry, Ribosomal: genetics, RNA, Wasps, Wasps: classification, Wasps: genetics},
	author = {Whitfield, J.B. and Cameron, S.A.}
}
@article {524,
	title = {Comparative mitogenomics of Braconidae (Insecta: Hymenoptera) and the phylogenetic utility of mitochondrial genomes with special reference to Holometabolous insects.},
	journal = {BMC genomics},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {371},
	abstract = {Animal mitochondrial genomes are potential models for molecular evolution and markers for phylogenetic and population studies. Previous research has shown interesting features in hymenopteran mitochondrial genomes. Here, we conducted a comparative study of mitochondrial genomes of the family Braconidae, one of the largest families of Hymenoptera, and assessed the utility of mitochondrial genomic data for phylogenetic inference at three different hierarchical levels, i.e., Braconidae, Hymenoptera, and Holometabola.},
	keywords = {Animals, AT Rich Sequence, AT Rich Sequence: genetics, Base Composition, Base Sequence, Evolution, Molecular, Gene Rearrangement, Gene Rearrangement: genetics, Genome, Mitochondrial, Genome, Mitochondrial: genetics, Genomics, Hymenoptera, Hymenoptera: genetics, Male, Molecular Sequence Data, phylogeny},
	author = {Wei, Shu-jun and Shi, M. and Sharkey, M.J. and Achterberg, C. van and Chen, X.-X.}
}
@article {514,
	title = {Per arborem ad astra: morphological adaptations to exploiting the woody habitat in the early evolution of Hymenoptera.},
	journal = {Arthropod structure \& development},
	volume = {40},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {2-20},
	publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
	abstract = {We survey morphological features of larval and adult wasps that undergo their entire larval development inside wood and interpret them in view of the lifestyle. The evolution of some of the characters is explored by mapping them on a recently published phylogeny of Hymenoptera. Based on this phylogeny, it is reasonable to assume that wood-living wasps evolved from a xylophagous/mycetophagous stage as displayed by woodwasps to a carnivorous/parasitoid lifestyle, preying on woodboring insect larvae. The latter mode of life is probably ancestral to the Apocrita which comprise the majority of the order; they share this lifestyle with their sister group, the Orussidae. However, most apocritan wasps have radiated into other habitats, the Orussidae and Stephanidae apparently being the only taxa that have retained the ancestral lifestyle of carnivorous wasps. Other apocritan lineages associated with wood (e.g., Aulacidae, Megalyridae, basal Cynipoidea and some Ichneumonoidea and Chalcidoidea) possibly entered this habitat secondarily and independently acquired morphological traits associated with it. The woody habitat was occupied by Hymenoptera during a crucial stage in their evolution where the transition from the phytophagous to carnivorous lifestyle took place. The anatomy of both larva and adults was extensively transformed in the process.},
	keywords = {Animals, Biological Evolution, Ecosystem, Food Preferences, Food Preferences: physiology, Hymenoptera, Hymenoptera: anatomy \& histology, Hymenoptera: genetics, Hymenoptera: physiology, Larva, Larva: anatomy \& histology, Larva: physiology, phylogeny, Trees},
	author = {Vilhelmsen, L. and Turrisi, G.F.}
}
@article {401,
	title = {New species of Eiphosoma Cresson 1865 (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae, Cremastinae) from Brazil.},
	journal = {Brazilian journal of biology = Revista brasleira de biologia},
	volume = {69},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {1205-6},
	keywords = {Animals, Brazil, Female, Hymenoptera, Hymenoptera: anatomy \& histology, Hymenoptera: classification, Male, Species Specificity},
	author = {Onody, H C and Melo, I F and Penteado-Dias, A.M.M. and Dias-Filho, M M}
}
@article {403,
	title = {Molecular systematics of basal subfamilies of ants using 28S rRNA (Hymenoptera: Formicidae).},
	journal = {Molecular phylogenetics and evolution},
	volume = {40},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {359-369},
	abstract = {For many years, the ant subfamily Ponerinae was hypothesized to contain the basal (early branching) lineages of ants. Recently the Ponerinae were reclassified into six poneromorph subfamilies based on morphological analysis. We evaluate this new poneromorph classification using 1240 base pairs of DNA sequence data obtained from 28S rRNA gene sequences of 68 terminal taxa. The molecular tree supported the monophyly of the ant family Formicidae, with 100\% parsimony bootstrap (PB) support and posterior probabilities (PP) of 1.00, with the ant subfamily Leptanillinae as a sister group to all other ants (PB=62, PP=93). However, our analyses strongly support the polyphyly of the Poneromorph subfamilies (sensu Bolton). The Ectatomminae and Heteroponerinae are more closely related to the Formicoid subfamilies than to the rest of the poneromophs (PB=96, PP=100). The Amblyoponinae (PB=52, PP=96), Paraponerinae (PB=100, PP=100), Ponerinae (PB<50, PP=71), and Proceratiinae (PB=98, PP=100) appear as distinct lineages at the base of the tree and are identified as a poneroid grade. Monophyletic origins for the poneroid subfamilies Amblyoponinae, Paraponerinae, Ponerinae and Proceratiinae are supported in our analysis. However, the genus Platythyrea forms a distinct sister group to the Ponerini within the Ponerinae. The Heteroponerinae, based on our sample of Heteroponera, are associated with the subfamily Ectatomminae (PB=98, PP=100). Furthermore, our data indicate the genus Probolomyrmex belongs to the Proceratiinae as suggested by recent morphological analysis (PB=98, PP=100).},
	keywords = {28S, 28S: genetics, Animals, Hymenoptera, Hymenoptera: classification, Hymenoptera: genetics, phylogeny, Ribosomal, RNA},
	author = {Ouellette, Gary D and Fisher, B.L. and Girman, Derek J}
}
@article {394,
	title = {Phylogeny of the parasitic microgastroid subfamilies (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) based on sequence data from seven genes, with an improved time estimate of the origin of the lineage.},
	journal = {Molecular phylogenetics and evolution},
	volume = {47},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {378-395},
	abstract = {The microgastroid complex of braconid wasps is a widely recognized and biologically coherent lineage of endoparasitoids of lepidopteran larvae (caterpillars). The complex has received significant phylogenetic attention in recent years due in part to the taxons{\textquoteright} association with mutualistic polydnaviruses, with which they compromise host immune systems. A number of previous attempts using a variety of morphological and molecular approaches have not unequivocally resolved relationships amongst the main subfamilies. This work represents a more extensive attempt to resolve the microgastroid relationships, using seven genes (16S rRNA, cytochrome oxidase I (CO1), 28S rRNA, arginine kinase (ArgK), long wavelength rhodopsin (Ops), elongation factor 1 alpha (EF1a) and wingless (Wg)) and a greater taxonomic representation. Bayesian, likelihood and parsimony phylogenetic reconstructions of this improved data set has determined that the chelonines diverged first from the remainder of the microgastroids, however the relationships amongst the other subfamilies are still unclear, suggesting a greater nucleotide sample is required to resolve them. Examination of the contribution of individual gene trees to the phylogeny demonstrates why the relationships between subfamilies are still unclear, with not all groups monophyletic for all trees. Filtered supernetworks demonstrate that monophyly of all subfamilies is only recovered when splits found in only one or two genes are excluded, but this also results in little remaining structure left in the deep nodes to resolve inter-subfamily relationships. By increasing the breadth of the study we were also able to re-evaluate previous attempts at dating the lineage and, therefore the origin of the polydnavirus association. Previous attempts used a much reduced data set and fewer fossil calibrations. Thorough literature searches have revealed a substantial increase in the fossil calibrations and these, combined with more sophisticated molecular dating analysis, have substantially increased the age of the microgastroid lineage from previous estimates of approximately 73MYA to approximately 100MYA. Examination of the resultant linearized clock tree also allows an insight into the evolution of the more species rich subfamilies. The chelonines appear to have had a steady rate of evolution, whilst the microgastrines and cardiochilines appear to have undergone a more significant "burst" of evolution. It is hypothesized that the different parasitism strategies of subfamilies (Chelonines are egg parasitoids and the remainder are larval parasitioids) may have influenced the evolutionary rates of the groups.},
	keywords = {Animals, Base Sequence, DNA Primers, Hymenoptera, Hymenoptera: classification, Hymenoptera: genetics, Likelihood Functions, phylogeny},
	author = {Murphy, Nicholas and Banks, J.C. and Whitfield, J.B. and Austin, A.D.}
}
@article {381,
	title = {Parasitoid Hymenoptera collected during the diurnal and nocturnal periods in Itumbiara, Goi{\'a}s.},
	journal = {Brazilian journal of biology = Revista brasleira de biologia},
	volume = {67},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {581-582},
	keywords = {Animals, Brazil, Hymenoptera, Hymenoptera: classification, Hymenoptera: physiology},
	author = {Marchiori, C.H. and Lussari, M.A. and Rosa, D.C. and Penteado-Dias, A.M.M.}
}
@article {258,
	title = {Parasitoid diversity (Hymenoptera: Braconidae and Figitidae) on frugivorous larvae (Diptera: Tephritidae and Lonchaeidae) at Adolpho Ducke Forest reserve, central amazon region, Manaus, Brazil.},
	journal = {Brazilian journal of biology = Revista brasleira de biologia},
	volume = {69},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {363-70},
	abstract = {This study aimed to identify parasitoid species of frugivorous larvae and to describe the tritrophic interactions involving wild fruits, frugivorous insects and their natural enemies at Adolpho Ducke Forest Reserve (RFAD) (Manaus, AM, Brazil). Collections were performed in four 1 km2 quadrants in the corners of the RFAD. The wild fruits were collected inside the forest in access trails leading to each collection area and in trails that surrounded the quadrants, up to five metres from the trail on each side. The fruits were placed in plastic containers covered with thin fabric, with a vermiculite layer on the base to allow the emergence of flies or parasitoids. Seven Braconidae species were collected, distributed among Opiinae: Doryctobracon areolatus (Sz{\'e}pligeti, 1911), Utetes anastrephae (Viereck, 1913), and Opius sp., and Alysiinae: Asobara anastrephae (Muesebeck, 1958), Phaenocarpa pericarpa Wharton and Carrejo, 1999, Idiasta delicata Papp, 1969, and Asobara sp. Parasitism rates by braconids and figitids are presented. Doryctobracon areolatus was the most frequent, parasitizing the highest number of fly species, and showing the highest parasitism percentage in larvae feeding on Micropholis williamii fruits. The collected figitids belong to Aganaspis nordlanderi Wharton, 1998 and A. pelleranoi (Brethes, 1924). All 15 tritrophic associations are new records for the Brazilian Amazon region. The RFAD is an important natural reservoir of frugivorous larvae parasitoids.},
	keywords = {Animals, biodiversity, Brazil, diptera, Diptera: classification, Diptera: parasitology, Fruit, Fruit: classification, Fruit: parasitology, Host-Parasite Interactions, Hymenoptera, Hymenoptera: classification, Hymenoptera: physiology, Larva, Larva: parasitology, Tephritidae, Tephritidae: parasitology},
	author = {Costa, S G M and Querino, R B and Ronchi-Teles, B and Penteado-Dias, A.M.M. and Zucchi, R.A}
}
@article {149,
	title = {First record of four Alysiinae species (Hymenoptera, Braconidae) from Brazil.},
	journal = {Brazilian journal of biology = Revista brasleira de biologia},
	volume = {69},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {1209-1210},
	keywords = {Animals, Brazil, Hymenoptera, Hymenoptera: anatomy \& histology, Hymenoptera: classification},
	author = {Arouca, R G and Penteado-Dias, A.M.M.}
}
