@article {540,
	title = {Evolution of the parasitic wasp subfamily Rogadinae (Braconidae): phylogeny and evolution of lepidopteran host ranges and mummy characteristics.},
	journal = {BMC evolutionary biology},
	volume = {8},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {329},
	abstract = {The braconid subfamily Rogadinae is a large, cosmopolitan group of endoparasitoid wasps characterised by {\textquoteright}mummifying{\textquoteright} their lepidopteran host larvae, from which the adult subsequently emerges. Rogadines attack a variety of both macro- and microlepidopteran taxa, although the speciose genus Aleiodes almost exclusively attacks macrolepidopterans. Here, we investigate the phylogenetic history of the Rogadinae, revise their higher-level classification and assess the evolution of their host ranges and mummy types. We also assess the divergence times within the subfamily and discuss the reasons for the extraordinary evolutionary diversification of Aleiodes.},
	keywords = {28S, 28S: genetics, Animals, Biological Evolution, Electron Transport Complex IV, Electron Transport Complex IV: genetics, Genetic Speciation, lepidoptera, Lepidoptera: parasitology, phylogeny, Ribosomal, RNA, Species Specificity, Wasps, Wasps: classification, Wasps: genetics},
	author = {Zaldivar-River{\'o}n, A. and Shaw, M.R. and S{\'a}ez, Al.G. and Mori, M. and Belokobylskij, S.A. and Shaw, S.R. and Quicke, D.L.J.}
}
@article {514,
	title = {Per arborem ad astra: morphological adaptations to exploiting the woody habitat in the early evolution of Hymenoptera.},
	journal = {Arthropod structure \& development},
	volume = {40},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {2-20},
	publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
	abstract = {We survey morphological features of larval and adult wasps that undergo their entire larval development inside wood and interpret them in view of the lifestyle. The evolution of some of the characters is explored by mapping them on a recently published phylogeny of Hymenoptera. Based on this phylogeny, it is reasonable to assume that wood-living wasps evolved from a xylophagous/mycetophagous stage as displayed by woodwasps to a carnivorous/parasitoid lifestyle, preying on woodboring insect larvae. The latter mode of life is probably ancestral to the Apocrita which comprise the majority of the order; they share this lifestyle with their sister group, the Orussidae. However, most apocritan wasps have radiated into other habitats, the Orussidae and Stephanidae apparently being the only taxa that have retained the ancestral lifestyle of carnivorous wasps. Other apocritan lineages associated with wood (e.g., Aulacidae, Megalyridae, basal Cynipoidea and some Ichneumonoidea and Chalcidoidea) possibly entered this habitat secondarily and independently acquired morphological traits associated with it. The woody habitat was occupied by Hymenoptera during a crucial stage in their evolution where the transition from the phytophagous to carnivorous lifestyle took place. The anatomy of both larva and adults was extensively transformed in the process.},
	keywords = {Animals, Biological Evolution, Ecosystem, Food Preferences, Food Preferences: physiology, Hymenoptera, Hymenoptera: anatomy \& histology, Hymenoptera: genetics, Hymenoptera: physiology, Larva, Larva: anatomy \& histology, Larva: physiology, phylogeny, Trees},
	author = {Vilhelmsen, L. and Turrisi, G.F.}
}
@article {457,
	title = {Sequential rapid adaptation of indigenous parasitoid wasps to the invasive butterfly Pieris brassicae.},
	journal = {Evolution; international journal of organic evolution},
	volume = {61},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {1791-802},
	publisher = {BioOne},
	abstract = {The introduction of a new species can change the characteristics of other species within a community. These changes may affect discontiguous trophic levels via adjacent trophic levels. The invasion of an exotic host species may provide the opportunity to observe the dynamics of changing interspecific interactions among parasitoids belonging to different trophic levels. The exotic large white butterfly Pieris brassicae invaded Hokkaido Island, Japan, and quickly spread throughout the island. Prior to the invasion, the small white butterfly P. rapae was the host of the primary parasitoid Cotesia glomerata, on which both the larval hyperparasitoid Baryscapus galactopus and the pupal hyperparasitoid Trichomalopsis apanteroctena depended. At the time of the invasion, C. glomerata generally laid eggs exclusively in P. rapae. During the five years following the invasion, however, the clutch size of C. glomerata in P. rapae gradually decreased, whereas the clutch size in P. brassicae increased. The field results corresponded well with laboratory experiments showing an increase in the rate of parasitism in P. brassicae. The host expansion of C. glomerata provided the two hyperparasitoids with an opportunity to choose between alternative hosts, that is, C. glomerata within P. brassicae and C. glomerata within P. rapae. Indeed, the pupal hyperparasitoid T. apanteroctena shifted its preference gradually to C. glomerata in P. brassicae, whereas the larval hyperparasitoid B. galactopus maintained a preference for C. glomerata in P. rapae. These changes in host preference may result from differential suitability of the two host types. The larval hyperparasitoid preferred C. glomerata within P. rapae to C. glomerata within P. brassicae, presumably because P. brassicae larvae attacked aggressively, thereby hindering the parasitization, whereas the pupal hyperparasitoid could take advantage of the competition-free resource by shifting its host preference. Consequently, the invasion of P. brassicae has changed the host use of the primary parasitoid C. glomerata and the pupal hyperparasitoid T. apanteroctena within a very short time.},
	keywords = {Adaptation, Animals, Biological, Biological Evolution, Butterflies, Butterflies: parasitology, Clutch Size, Clutch Size: physiology, Ecosystem, Female, Host-Parasite Interactions, Host-Parasite Interactions: physiology, japan, Larva, Larva: parasitology, Time Factors, Wasps, Wasps: physiology},
	author = {Tanaka, Shingo and Nishida, Takayoshi and Ohsaki, Naota}
}
@article {178,
	title = {Cryptic species as a window on diversity and conservation.},
	journal = {Trends in ecology \& evolution},
	volume = {22},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {148-55},
	abstract = {The taxonomic challenge posed by cryptic species (two or more distinct species classified as a single species) has been recognized for nearly 300 years, but the advent of relatively inexpensive and rapid DNA sequencing has given biologists a new tool for detecting and differentiating morphologically similar species. Here, we synthesize the literature on cryptic and sibling species and discuss trends in their discovery. However, a lack of systematic studies leaves many questions open, such as whether cryptic species are more common in particular habitats, latitudes or taxonomic groups. The discovery of cryptic species is likely to be non-random with regard to taxon and biome and, hence, could have profound implications for evolutionary theory, biogeography and conservation planning.},
	keywords = {Adaptation, Biological, Adaptation, Biological: genetics, Animals, biodiversity, Biological Evolution, Conservation of Natural Resources, Ecology, Ecosystem, Genetic Variation, Geography, phylogeny, RNA Splice Sites, Sequence Analysis, DNA, Species Specificity},
	author = {Bickford, David and Lohman, David J and Sodhi, Navjot S and Ng, P.K.L. and Meier, Rudolf and Winker, Kevin and Ingram, Krista K and Das, Indraneil}
}
