@article {540,
	title = {Evolution of the parasitic wasp subfamily Rogadinae (Braconidae): phylogeny and evolution of lepidopteran host ranges and mummy characteristics.},
	journal = {BMC evolutionary biology},
	volume = {8},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {329},
	abstract = {The braconid subfamily Rogadinae is a large, cosmopolitan group of endoparasitoid wasps characterised by {\textquoteright}mummifying{\textquoteright} their lepidopteran host larvae, from which the adult subsequently emerges. Rogadines attack a variety of both macro- and microlepidopteran taxa, although the speciose genus Aleiodes almost exclusively attacks macrolepidopterans. Here, we investigate the phylogenetic history of the Rogadinae, revise their higher-level classification and assess the evolution of their host ranges and mummy types. We also assess the divergence times within the subfamily and discuss the reasons for the extraordinary evolutionary diversification of Aleiodes.},
	keywords = {28S, 28S: genetics, Animals, Biological Evolution, Electron Transport Complex IV, Electron Transport Complex IV: genetics, Genetic Speciation, lepidoptera, Lepidoptera: parasitology, phylogeny, Ribosomal, RNA, Species Specificity, Wasps, Wasps: classification, Wasps: genetics},
	author = {Zaldivar-River{\'o}n, A. and Shaw, M.R. and S{\'a}ez, Al.G. and Mori, M. and Belokobylskij, S.A. and Shaw, S.R. and Quicke, D.L.J.}
}
@article {529,
	title = {Hierarchical analysis of variation in the mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene among Hymenoptera.},
	journal = {Molecular biology and evolution},
	volume = {15},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {1728-1743},
	abstract = {Nucleotide sequences from a 434-bp region of the 16S rRNA gene were analyzed for 65 taxa of Hymenoptera (ants, bees, wasps, parasitoid wasps, sawflies) to examine the patterns of variation within the gene fragment and the taxonomic levels for which it shows maximum utility in phylogeny estimation. A hierarchical approach was adopted in the study through comparison of levels of sequence variation among taxa at different taxonomic levels. As previously reported for many holometabolous insects, the 16S data reported here for Hymenoptera are highly AT-rich and exhibit strong site-to-site variation in substitution rate. More precise estimates of the shape parameter (alpha) of the gamma distribution and the proportion of invariant sites were obtained in this study by employing a reference phylogeny and utilizing maximum-likelihood estimation. The effectiveness of this approach to recovering expected phylogenies of selected hymenopteran taxa has been tested against the use of maximum parsimony. This study finds that the 16S gene is most informative for phylogenetic analysis at two different levels: among closely related species or populations, and among tribes, subfamilies, and families. Maximization of the phylogenetic signal extracted from the 16S gene at higher taxonomic levels may require consideration of the base composition bias and the site-to-site rate variation in a maximum-likelihood framework.},
	keywords = {16S, 16S: genetics, Animals, Base Sequence, DNA, evolution, Genetic Variation, Hymenoptera, Hymenoptera: classification, Hymenoptera: genetics, Mitochondrial, Mitochondrial: chemistry, Mitochondrial: genetics, Molecular, Molecular Sequence Data, Nucleic Acid Conformation, phylogeny, Ribosomal, Ribosomal: chemistry, Ribosomal: genetics, RNA, Wasps, Wasps: classification, Wasps: genetics},
	author = {Whitfield, J.B. and Cameron, S.A.}
}
@article {403,
	title = {Molecular systematics of basal subfamilies of ants using 28S rRNA (Hymenoptera: Formicidae).},
	journal = {Molecular phylogenetics and evolution},
	volume = {40},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {359-369},
	abstract = {For many years, the ant subfamily Ponerinae was hypothesized to contain the basal (early branching) lineages of ants. Recently the Ponerinae were reclassified into six poneromorph subfamilies based on morphological analysis. We evaluate this new poneromorph classification using 1240 base pairs of DNA sequence data obtained from 28S rRNA gene sequences of 68 terminal taxa. The molecular tree supported the monophyly of the ant family Formicidae, with 100\% parsimony bootstrap (PB) support and posterior probabilities (PP) of 1.00, with the ant subfamily Leptanillinae as a sister group to all other ants (PB=62, PP=93). However, our analyses strongly support the polyphyly of the Poneromorph subfamilies (sensu Bolton). The Ectatomminae and Heteroponerinae are more closely related to the Formicoid subfamilies than to the rest of the poneromophs (PB=96, PP=100). The Amblyoponinae (PB=52, PP=96), Paraponerinae (PB=100, PP=100), Ponerinae (PB<50, PP=71), and Proceratiinae (PB=98, PP=100) appear as distinct lineages at the base of the tree and are identified as a poneroid grade. Monophyletic origins for the poneroid subfamilies Amblyoponinae, Paraponerinae, Ponerinae and Proceratiinae are supported in our analysis. However, the genus Platythyrea forms a distinct sister group to the Ponerini within the Ponerinae. The Heteroponerinae, based on our sample of Heteroponera, are associated with the subfamily Ectatomminae (PB=98, PP=100). Furthermore, our data indicate the genus Probolomyrmex belongs to the Proceratiinae as suggested by recent morphological analysis (PB=98, PP=100).},
	keywords = {28S, 28S: genetics, Animals, Hymenoptera, Hymenoptera: classification, Hymenoptera: genetics, phylogeny, Ribosomal, RNA},
	author = {Ouellette, Gary D and Fisher, B.L. and Girman, Derek J}
}
@article {387,
	title = {Molecular and morphological phylogenetics of weevils (coleoptera, curculionoidea): do niche shifts accompany diversification?},
	journal = {Systematic biology},
	volume = {51},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {761-785},
	abstract = {The main goals of this study were to provide a robust phylogeny for the families of the superfamily Curculionoidea, to discover relationships and major natural groups within the family Curculionidae, and to clarify the evolution of larval habits and host-plant associations in weevils to analyze their role in weevil diversification. Phylogenetic relationships among the weevils (Curculionoidea) were inferred from analysis of nucleotide sequences of 18S ribosomal DNA (rDNA; approximately 2,000 bases) and 115 morphological characters of larval and adult stages. A worldwide sample of 100 species was compiled to maximize representation of weevil morphological and ecological diversity. All families and the main subfamilies of Curculionoidea were represented. The family Curculionidae sensu lato was represented by about 80 species in 30 "subfamilies" of traditional classifications. Phylogenetic reconstruction was accomplished by parsimony analysis of separate and combined molecular and morphological data matrices and Bayesian analysis of the molecular data; tree topology support was evaluated. Results of the combined analysis of 18S rDNA and morphological data indicate that monophyly of and relationships among each of the weevil families are well supported with the topology ((Nemonychidae, Anthribidae) (Belidae (Attelabidae (Caridae (Brentidae, Curculionidae))))). Within the clade Curculionidae sensu lato, the basal positions are occupied by mostly monocot-associated taxa with the primitive type of male genitalia followed by the Curculionidae sensu stricto, which is made up of groups with the derived type of male genitalia. High support values were found for the monophyly of some distinct curculionid groups such as Dryophthorinae (several tribes represented) and Platypodinae (Tesserocerini plus Platypodini), among others. However, the subfamilial relationships in Curculionidae are unresolved or weakly supported. The phylogeny estimate based on combined 18S rDNA and morphological data suggests that diversification in weevils was accompanied by niche shifts in host-plant associations and larval habits. Pronounced conservatism is evident in larval feeding habits, particularly in the host tissue consumed. Multiple shifts to use of angiosperms in Curculionoidea were identified, each time associated with increases in weevil diversity and subsequent shifts back to gymnosperms, particularly in the Curculionidae.},
	keywords = {18S, 18S: genetics, Animals, Beetles, DNA, Genetic, Models, phylogeny, Ribosomal, Ribosomal: genetics, RNA, Sequence Analysis},
	author = {Marvaldi, A.E. and Sequeira, A.S. and O{\textquoteright}Brien, C.W. and Farrell, B.D.}
}
