02285nas a2200205   4500008004100000245015700041210006900198300001200267490000700279520156600286653003201852653001501884653002901899653001401928653002601942100002601968700001301994700001902007856005302026       2006                        eng d00aSystematics of the cyclostome subfamilies of braconid parasitic wasps (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonoidea): A simultaneous molecular and morphological Bayesian0 aSystematics of the cyclostome subfamilies of braconid parasitic   a130-1450 v383 aPhylogenetic relationships among 95 genera collectively representing 17 of the 18 currently recognized cyclostome braconid wasp sub- families were investigated based on DNA sequence fragments of the mitochondrial COI and the nuclear 28S rDNA genes, in addition to morphological data. The treatment of sequence length variation of the 28S partition was explored by either excluding ambiguously aligned regions and indel information (28SN) or recoding them (28SA) using the ‘fragment-level’ alignment method with a modiWed cod- ing approach. Bayesian MCMC analyses were performed for the separate and combined data sets and a maximum parsimony analysis was also carried out for the simultaneous molecular and morphological data sets. There was a signiWcant incongruence between the two genes and between 28S and morphology, but not for morphology and COI. DiVerent analyses with the 28SA data matrix resulted in topologies that were generally similar to the ones from the 28SN matrix; however, the former topologies recovered a higher number of signiWcantly supported clades and had a higher mean Bayesian posterior probability, thus supporting the inclusion of information from ambiguously aligned regions and indel events in phylogenetic analyses where possible. Based on the signiWcantly supported clades obtained from the simultaneous molecular and morphological analyses, we propose that a total of 17 subfamilies should be recognized within the cyclostome group. The subfamilial placements of several problematic cyclostome genera were also established.10aambiguously aligned regions10aBraconidae10afragment-level alignment10aphylogeny10asimultaneous analysis1 aZaldivar-Riverón, A.1 aMori, M.1 aQuicke, D.L.J.  uhttps://insectafgseag.myspecies.info/fr/node/53902611nas a2200265   4500008004100000245009800041210006900139300001200208490000700220520178300227653001502010653002402025653001602049653001502065653002402080653002302104653003402127100002602161700002402187700002202211700002002233700002002253700001902273856005302292       2007                        eng d00aA single origin of gall association in a group of parasitic wasps with disparate morphologies0 asingle origin of gall association in a group of parasitic wasps   a981-9920 v443 aThe braconid wasp subfamily Doryctinae mainly comprises idiobiont ectoparasitoids of other insect larvae. In recent years, however, members of a few genera have been discovered to be associated with galls from various unrelated host plant families, with some of these being gall inducers whereas others are suspected as being predators of gallers. Because of their considerable morphological differences, these gall-associated taxa traditionally have been placed in separate tribes or even in other subfamilies. In this study, we investigate the phylogenetic relationships among representatives of a number of different doryctine genera, including five of its seven gall-associated genera using two genetic markers. Here we analyzed the length-variable 28S sequence data based on secondary structure both excising the unalignable regions and recoding them according to indel length. In addition, multiple alignments were carried out with a range of gap-opening and extension parameters. The combined (28S + CO1) phylogenetic hypotheses obtained, both excluding and recoding the unalignable regions, recover a clade comprising the five gall-associated genera, and most of the analyses using multiple alignments also support this relationship. These results support a scenario in which secondary phytophagy evolves from initially attacking primary gall- forming hosts. The relationships recovered are also more congruent with a model that explains the macroevolution of insect plant asso- ciation in the Doryctinae as reflecting geographic proximity rather than host plant relationships. Further, our phylogenetic hypotheses consistently show that one of the main morphological features employed in the higher level classification of the Doryctinae is actually highly homoplastic.10aBraconidae10acharacter evolution10acyclostomes10aDoryctinae10amolecular phylogeny10amultiple alignment10asecondary structure alignment1 aZaldivar-Riverón, A.1 aBelokobylskij, S.A.1 aLeon-Regagnon, V.1 aMartínez, J.J.1 aBriceno, G.R.A.1 aQuicke, D.L.J.  uhttps://insectafgseag.myspecies.info/fr/node/536